Table 3.
Changes in drug use and overdose risk and harm reduction behaviors among FSW who use opioids (n = 68) in Baltimore, Maryland: results of McNemar’s pretest–posttest.
| Total (n = 68) |
Used at least 1 FTS (n = 57) |
Did not use any FTS (n = 11) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Follow-up | Baseline | Follow-up | Baseline | Follow-up | |
| Substance use | ||||||
| Frequency of illicit opioid use‡ | ||||||
| At least daily | 52 (76.5) | 38 (55.9)** | 43 (75.4) | 34 (59.7)* | 9 (81.8) | 4 (36.4) |
| Less than daily | 16 (23.5) | 30 (44.1)** | 14 (24.6) | 23 (40.4)* | 2 (18.2) | 7 (63.6) |
| Any injection drug use‡ | 34 (50.0) | 29 (42.7) | 29 (50.9) | 26 (45.6) | 5 (45.5) | 3 (27.3) |
| Frequency of injection drug use‡ | ||||||
| At least daily | 27 (39.7) | 17 (25.0)** | 23 (40.4) | 15 (26.3)** | 4 (36.4) | 2 (18.2) |
| Less than daily | 41 (60.3) | 52 (75.0)** | 34 (59.7) | 42 (73.7)** | 7 (63.6) | 9 (81.8) |
| Prefer drugs containing fentanyl (agree) | 29 (42.7) | 26 (38.2) | 24 (42.1) | 22 (38.6) | 5 (45.5) | 4 (36.4) |
| Concerned with fentanyl in drugs (agree) | 57 (83.8) | 51 (75.0) | 47 (82.5) | 43 (75.4) | 10 (90.9) | 8 (72.7) |
| Benzodiazepine use‡ | 15 (22.1) | 5 (7.4)** | 13 (22.8) | 4 (7.0)** | 2 (18.2) | 1 (9.1) |
| Frequency of benzodiazepine use‡ | ||||||
| At least daily | 9 (13.2) | 2 (2.9)* | 8 (14.0) | 1 (1.8)* | 1 (9.1) | 1 (9.1) |
| Less than daily | 59 (86.8) | 66 (97.1)* | 49 (86.0) | 56 (98.3)* | 10 (90.9) | 10 (90.9) |
| Alcohol use‡ | 32 (47.1) | 29 (42.7) | 27 (47.4) | 24 (42.1) | 5 (45.5) | 5 (45.5) |
| Frequency of alcohol use‡ | ||||||
| At least daily | 21 (30.9) | 15 (22.1) | 17 (29.8) | 13 (22.8) | 4 (36.4) | 2 (18.2) |
| Less than daily | 47 (69.1) | 53 (77.9) | 40 (70.2) | 44 (77.2) | 7 (63.6) | 9 (81.8) |
| Changes in risk behaviors and overdose† | ||||||
| Non-fatal overdose‡ | 6 (8.8) | 1 (1.5) | 4 (7.0) | 1 (1.8) | 2 (18.2) | 0 (0.0) |
| Solitary drug use‡ | 56 (94.9) | 40 (67.8)*** | 48 (94.1) | 33 (64.8)*** | 8 (100.0) | 7 (87.5) |
| Asking someone to check on you‡ | 36 (61.0) | 43 (72.8) | 32 (62.8) | 36 (70.6) | 4 (50.0) | 7 (87.5) |
| Service access | ||||||
| Mental health care‡ | 20 (29.4) | 22 (32.4) | 16 (28.1) | 18 (31.6) | 4 (36.4) | 4 (36.4) |
| Baltimore City Needle exchange Program‡ | 29 (42.7) | 22 (32.4) | 17 (77.3) | 13 (59.1) | 2 (66.7) | 1 (33.3) |
| Medication-assisted treatment(e.g., methadone, suboxone) ‡ | 27 (39.7) | 31 (45.6) | 21 (36.8) | 25 (43.9) | 6 (54.6) | 6 (54.6) |
*
p < 0.05
**
p < 0.01
***
p < 0.001.
‡
past month.
†
among n = 59 who reported opioid use at follow-up.