Table 1.

Summary of antibacterial drugs with antifungal activity

Antibiotics	Fungus	In vitro (MIC: μg/mL)	In vivo	In combination (synergistic effects)	Relevant molecular mechanism	Ref.
Tobramycin	Fusarium spp.	> 64	-	VRC, AmB	Probably increases permeability of the cell wall and cell membrane.	Venturini et al. (2016)
Gentamicin	Resistant-azole C. albicans	> 512	G. mellonella	FLC	(I) Suppresses overexpression of the efflux pump. (II) Reduces phospholipase activity of resistant C. albicans.	Lu et al. (2018)
Clarithromycin	C. tropicalis	-	-	AmB, ANI	-	Fernández-Rivero et al. (2017)
	C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, C. albicans	No effects	-	AmB	-	Del Pozo et al. (2011)
	Pythium insidiosum	0.25–8	-	-	-	Loreto et al. (2014)
Azithromycin	Pythium insidiosum	1–16	-	-	-	Loreto et al. (2014)
	Aspergillus spp.	No effects	-	AmB	Probably inhibits mitochondrial protein synthesis.	Nguyen et al. (1997)
Norfloxacin	C. albicans	-	-	MIA	-	Moneib (1995)
Levofloxacin	C. albicans, A. fumigatus	+	-	AmB, CAS	Probably inhibits fungal DNA replication by binding to fungal topoisomerase.	Stergiopoulou et al. (2009)
Gatifloxacin	Candida spp.	+	-	-	-	Ozdek et al. (2006)
Moxifloxacin	C. albicans	+	-	Liposomal AmB, CAS	Probably inhibits fungal DNA replication by binding to fungal topoisomerase.	Ozdek et al. (2006); Stergiopoulou et al. (2009); Deren et al. (2010)
Ciprofloxacin	C. albicans	+	-	AmB	Probably inhibits fungal DNA replication by binding to C. albicans topoisomerase.	Stergiopoulou et al. (2009)
	A. fumigatus	+	-	AmB, CAS, ARC
Trovafloxacin	C. albicans	No effects	Murine	FLC, AmB	-	Sugar et al. (1997)
	C. tropicalis, C. neoformans	No effects	-	FLC, AmB
Tetracycline	C. albicans	320–2560	G. mellonella	AmB, FLC	-	Lew et al. (1977); Gu et al. (2018)
Demeclocycline	C. albicans	640	-	AmB	-	Lew et al. (1977)
Doxycycline	C. parapsilosis, C. krusei, C. glabrata	No effects	-	AmB	Probably inhibits protein synthesis.	El-Azizi (2007)
	C. albicans	640–1280	G. mellonella	AmB, FLC, CAS	(I) Inhibits FLC-inducible efflux pump gene overexpression. (II) Disturbs calcium homeostasis. (III) Disturbs iron homeostasis.	Lew et al. (1977); Miceli et al. (2009); Fiori and Van Dijck (2012); Gao et al. (2013); Gao et al. (2014); Gu et al. (2018)
Minocycline	Resistant-FLC C. albicans	256–512	-	AmB, FLC	Disturbs calcium homeostasis.	Lew et al. (1977); Shi et al. (2010)
	A. fumigatus	0.125–4	G. mellonella	ITR, VRC, POS	Probably interferes with the balance of cellular electrolytes and loss of mitochondrial function.	Loreto et al. (2014); Gao et al. (2020)
	A. flavus, F. solani, F. oxysporum	0.125–4	-	ITR, VRC, POS
Tigecycline	C. albicans	2048	-	AmB, FLC, CAS	-	Ku et al. (2010)
	Fusarium spp.	0.25–4	-	VRC, AmB	Inhibits the synthesis of protein.	Loreto et al. (2014); Venturini et al. (2016)
Polymyxin B	C. albicans	-	-	AmB, KET, MIA	Probably alters cell membrane permeability.	Moneib (1995)
	Fusarium spp.	4–16	-	VRC, AmB	Probably disturbs the synthesis of ergosterol.	Venturini et al. (2016)
	C. neoformans	8–256	-	FLC	Probably through binding anionic lipids on fungal membrane and destroys membrane integrity.	Zhai et al. (2010)
	Rhizopus oryzae	32	-	-
	A. fumigatus	28–56	-	-
Rifampicin	C. tropicalis	-	-	AmB, ANI	-	Fernández-Rivero et al. (2017)
	C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, C. albicans, C. krusei	No effects	-	AmB	Probably disturbs RNA synthesis in the presence of AmB.	El-Azizi (2007); Loreto et al. (2014)
Linezolid	Pythium insidiosum	1–32	-	-	Inhibits protein synthesis.	Loreto et al. (2014)
	C. neoformans	> 64	-	AmB	-	Rossato et al. (2015)
	C. albicans	> 512	G. mellonella	FLC, ITR, VRC	Probably inhibits mitochondrial protein synthesis and interferes with the induction of stress-response mitochondrial chaperones.	Lu et al. (2019)

Note: VRC, voriconazole; AmB, amphotericin B; FLC, fluconazole; ITR, itraconazole; CTZ, clotrimazole; POS, posaconazole; ANI, anidulafungin; MIA, micafungin; CAS, caspofungin; KET, ketoconazole; -, no studies were mentioned in the corresponding references; +, the drug has antifungal effect, but no specific data in the corresponding references