Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study cohort.
| Characteristics | Control group (n = 32) | T2DM without microvascular complications group (n = 29) | T2DM with microvascular complications group (n = 29) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 52.5 ± 12.9 | 58.0 ± 13.8 | 59.5 ± 9.0 | 0.087 |
| Gender (male/female) | 16/16 | 12/17 | 13/16 | 0.172 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | – | 8.8 ± 8.2 | 12.9 ± 7.4 | 0.008 |
| Rest HR (bpm) | 73.4 ± 9.8 | 84.8 ± 16.0 | 80.7 ± 10.5 | 0.002 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 120.8 ± 12.8 | 126.9 ± 15.8 | 130.6 ± 20.3 | 0.079 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 73.0 ± 10.2 | 77.8 ± 11.5 | 75.7 ± 11.2 | 0.249 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.8 ± 3.2 | 23.8 ± 2.8 | 24.1 ± 2.9 | 0.872 |
| Glycated hemoglobin (%) | 5.6 ± 0.3 | 8.8 ± 2.3 | 9.0 ± 1.6 | 0.006 |
| Plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 4.8 ± 0.4 | 10.3 ± 4.5 | 11.9 ± 5.8 | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.6 ± 1.1 | 1.6 ± 1.3 | 1.8 ± 1.1 | 0.915 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 0.096 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 3.3 ± 0.7 | 2.9 ± 0.9 | 2.9 ± 0.9 | 0.357 |
| Aortic sinus (mm) | 32.2 ± 3.3 | 33.0 ± 2.5 | 33.3 ± 3.5 | 0.418 |
| Ascending aorta (mm) | 30.8 ± 4.9 | 32.1 ± 3.4 | 32.4 ± 3.3 | 0.279 |
| LA (mm) | 34.3 ± 4.5 | 33.5 ± 2.8 | 35.7 ± 3.9 | 0.087 |
| RV (mm) | 21.1 ± 1.8 | 21.1 ± 1.8 | 21.0 ± 2.0 | 0.976 |
| IVSd (mm) | 9.7 ± 1.7 | 9.89 ± 1.17 | 10.3 ± 1.3 | 0.267 |
| LVDd (mm) | 48.0 ± 3.6 | 46.0 ± 4.8 | 45.2 ± 5.1 | 0.063 |
| LVPWd (mm) | 8.4 ± 1.3 | 8.79 ± 1.03 | 9.4 ± 0.8 | 0.003 |
| LVEF (%) | 70.7 ± 6.1 | 71.0 ± 5.4 | 70.4 ± 5.7 | 0.933 |
| SV (ml) | 76.1 ± 13.5 | 70.7 ± 20.2 | 66.2 ± 18.2 | 0.113 |
Data are mean ± standard deviation or numbers.
HR, heart rate; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LA, left atrial end-systolic anteroposterior diameter; RV, right ventricular end-diastolic anteroposterior diameter; IVSd, interventricular septal thickness; LVDd, left ventricular end-diastolic anteroposterior diameter; LVPWd, left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end-diastole; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; SV, stroke volume.