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. 2021 Jun 7;9:669116. doi: 10.3389/fped.2021.669116

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Copyright © 2021 Mirizio, Liu, Yan, Waltermire, Mandel, Schollaert, Konnikova, Wang, Chen and Torok.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Visualization in the skin identifies T cell and macrophage co-localization, with CXCL9+ and IFNγ+ macrophages adjacent to CXCR3+ T cells in localized scleroderma (LS) skin. (A) H&E demonstrates inflammatory infiltrate extending into the lower reticular dermis in LS while the healthy sample demonstrates basal levels of minimal inflammatory cells that are typically localized to periadnexal structures. (B) RNAscope® fluorescent multiplex imaging showed increased macrophages (CD163+), CXCL9, and IFNy transcript in LS skin as compared to controls. (C) Macrophage-specific (CD163+) CXCL9 and IFNγ staining in close approximation to CXCR3+T cells.