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. 2021 Jun 7;12:652923. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.652923

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Copyright © 2021 Indo, Kitahara, Tomokiyo, Araki, Islam, Zhou, Albarracin, Miyazaki, Ikeda-Ohtsubo, Nochi, Takenouchi, Uenishi, Aso, Takahashi, Kurata, Villena and Kitazawa

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effect of porcine Ligilactobacillus salivarius strains on the innate immune responses of porcine intestinal epithelial (PIE) cells triggered by the activation of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) or TLR4. PIE cells were stimulated with different L. salivarius strains isolated form the porcine gastrointestinal tract and challenged with poly(I:C) or enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) to induce the activation of TLR3 and TLR4, respectively. The expressions of interferon (IFN)-β, and the antiviral factor Mx1 were analyzed by RT-qPCR after 12 hours of TLR3 activation. The expression of interleukin (IL)-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) were analyzed by RT-qPCR after 12 hours of TLR4 activation. PIE cells stimulated only with poly(I:C) or ETEC F6 were used as controls. Results are expressed as normalized fold expression to control (lactobacilli treated vs. non-lactobacilli-treated cells). The correlation between the expressions of immune genes was assessed by a linear regression function and coefficient of determination. Experiments were performed in triplicate. Only one set of data is shown in the figure for clarity.