Table 1.

Sample Characteristics and Social Needs, by Study

Sample characteristics and social needs	Study 1	Study 2	Study 3	Study 4
	Helpline callers	Medicaid adults	Medicaid adults	Low-income smokers
	(n = 1898)	(n = 1214)	(n = 10,267)	(n = 1370)
Demographics
Mean age (mean years)	42.5	36.4	42.7	48.1
Sex
Female (%)	85.3	87.1	71.9	72.2
Education
Less than high school (%)	26.4			31.0
High school/ GED (%)	33.9			29.9
More than high school (%)	39.7			39.1
Race
African American (%)	59.0	33.7	57.0	59.7
White (%)	29.8	49.4	40.3	33.9
Other (%)	11.1	17.0	2.6	6.4
Ethnicity
Hispanic (%)	2.7	16.6	0.9	2.1
Annual pre-tax household income
< $10,000 (%)	45.4	35.6		52.9
$10,000–$19,999 (%)	36.5	22.7		29.3
≥ $20,000 (%)	18.1	41.7		17.8
Child ≤18 in the home (%)	54.3	71.3	38.5	34.5
Unemployed (%)	78.2	52.8		74.2
Social needs
Number of social needs assessed	7	7	10	10
Type of need
Not enough money for unexpected expenses	89.4	53.8	46.7	75.3
Not enough money for necessities	69.8	20.8	13.9	36.0
Not enough space in your home	26.8	24.6	9.6	21.5
Unsafe neighborhood	21.7	12.1	6.3	22.2
Not enough food	14.9	10.2	5.6	15.2
No place to stay	17.4	5.9	3.2	9.5
Threatened physically	5.6	7.0	3.2	7.9
Trouble finding or paying for childcare*			42.9	50.4
Cannot pay utility bills in full			11.9	48.1
No reliable transportation			8.7	21.4
Mean number of social needs	2.4	1.3	1.1	2.5
0 social needs (%)	5.2	31.8	44.7	12.2
1 social need (%)	16.0	31.9	28.5	19.9
2+ social needs (%)	78.8	36.3	26.8	68.0

^*Applies only to those with children aged ≤18 years who report needing or using childcare (Study 3, n = 579; Study 4, n = 126).

Missing data were not included in the denominators to ensure that percentages added to 100%.

GED, general equivalency diploma.