Table 3.
Univariate associations between sociodemographic and injury-related characteristics and distress at 12 and 24-months
| Distress at 12 Months | Distress at 24 Months | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RR | 95% CI for RR | P value | RR | 95% CI for RR | P value | |
| Pre-Injury Characteristics | ||||||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Female | 1.19 | 0.97, 1.45 | 0.09 | 1.17 | 0.97, 1.42 | 0.11 |
| Age (Years) | ||||||
| 10–44 | Ref | Ref | ||||
| 45–65 | 1.18 | 0.97, 1.44 | 0.10 | 0.95 | 0.79, 1.16 | 0.63 |
| Ethnicity (Prioritised) | ||||||
| European | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Māori | 1.91 | 1.51, 2.41 | 1.57 | 1.22, 2.00 | ||
| Pacific | 1.92 | 1.35, 2.75 | 2.08 | 1.50, 2.89 | ||
| Asian | 1.12 | 0.74, 1.69 | 1.88 | 1.36, 2.58 | ||
| Other | 1.23 | 0.88, 1.72 | < 0.01 | 1.32 | 0.97, 1.80 | < 0.01 |
| Education | ||||||
| Less than secondary school | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Secondary school or higher | 0.59 | 0.48, 0.72 | < 0.01 | 0.69 | 0.56, 0.84 | < 0.01 |
| Living Arrangements | ||||||
| Alone/With non-family | Ref | Ref | ||||
| With family | 0.78 | 0.62, 1.00 | 0.05 | 0.90 | 0.71, 1.14 | 0.39 |
| Income Adequacy | ||||||
| Adequate | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Inadequate | 2.08 | 1.71–2.54 | < 0.01 | 2.11 | 1.74–2.55 | < 0.01 |
| Working For Pay | ||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Yes | 0.79 | 0.57, 1.09 | 0.16 | 0.77 | 0.56, 1.06 | 0.11 |
| Mental Health Conditions | ||||||
| 0 | Ref | Ref | ||||
| 1 | 2.57 | 2.00, 3.30 | 2.00 | 1.52, 2.63 | ||
| 2+ | 2.82 | 2.09, 3.79 | < 0.01 | 3.11 | 2.38, 4.06 | < 0.01 |
| Physical Health Conditions | ||||||
| 0 | Ref | Ref | ||||
| 1 | 1.14 | 0.89, 1.45 | 1.12 | 0.89, 1.41 | ||
| 2+ | 1.88 | 1.49, 2.38 | < 0.01 | 1.58 | 1.24, 2.00 | < 0.01 |
| General Health | ||||||
| Excellent/Very good | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Good | 1.66 | 1.34, 2.07 | 1.58 | 1.28, 1.59 | ||
| Fair/poor | 3.16 | 2.41, 4.16 | < 0.01 | 2.86 | 2.18, 3.74 | < 0.01 |
| Alcohol Use | ||||||
| Non-hazardous | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Hazardous | 0.97 | 0.79, 1.19 | 0.76 | 0.82 | 0.68, 1.00 | 0.05 |
| Injury-Related Characteristics | ||||||
| Injury Severity (NISS) | ||||||
| 1–3 (Least severe) | Ref | Ref | ||||
| 4–6 (Severe) | 0.72 | 0.58, 0.89 | 0.79 | 0.65, 0.97 | ||
| 7+ (Most Severe) | 1.07 | 0.79, 1.45 | < 0.01 | 0.84 | 0.61, 1.17 | 0.07 |
| Cause of Injury | ||||||
| Unintentional | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Intentional (Assault) | 2.65 | 1.95, 3.60 | < 0.01 | 1.97 | 1.38, 2.81 | < 0.01 |
| Perceived Threat to Life | ||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Yes | 2.10 | 1.66, 2.65 | < 0.01 | 1.85 | 1.47, 2.34 | < 0.01 |
| Health Service Characteristics | ||||||
| Health Service Experience | ||||||
| Very good/Good/Moderate | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Bad/Very bad | 1.64 | 1.07, 2.51 | 0.02 | 2.06 | 1.46, 2.91 | < 0.01 |
| ACC Experience | ||||||
| Very good/Good/Moderate | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Bad/Very bad | 1.21 | 0.82, 1.80 | 0.33 | 1.49 | 1.07, 2.09 | 0.02 |
| Access to Health Services | ||||||
| No Trouble | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Trouble/Mixed | 1.54 | 1.16, 2.03 | < 0.01 | 1.56 | 1.20, 2.03 | < 0.01 |
| Early Post-Injury Characteristics | ||||||
| Distress at 3 Months (K6 ≥ 8) | ||||||
| Not Distressed | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Distressed | 4.54 | 3.73, 5.53 | < 0.01 | 3.80 | 3.15, 4.58 | < 0.01 |
| Expectations for Recovery | ||||||
| Already Recovered | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Expect to Recover Soon/Slowly | 1.51 | 1.01, 2.05 | 1.42 | 1.06, 1.91 | ||
| Unsure | 2.59 | 1.85, 3.63 | 2.50 | 1.81, 3.44 | ||
| Expect to Never Recover | 2.56 | 1.57, 4.18 | < 0.01 | 1.92 | 1.14, 3.23 | < 0.01 |
| Satisfaction with Social Relationships | ||||||
| Satisfied | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Neutral/ Dissatisfied | 2.70 | 2.22, 3.30 | < 0.01 | 2.50 | 2.05, 3.04 | < 0.01 |
Note. ACC = Accident Compensation Corporation; NISS = New Injury Severity Score; RR = Relative Risk