Extended Data Fig. 7. Predicted $D_{\text{N}}^{\text{alloy/silicate}}$ using the parametrization developed in this study and comparison between the $D_{\text{N}}^{\text{alloy/silicate}}$ values predicted by this study and two previous studies.

a) Predicted $D_{\text{N}}^{\text{alloy/silicate}}$ using the parametrization developed in this study plotted against experimentally determined $D_{\text{N}}^{\text{alloy/silicate}}$ for Fe-Ni-N±C±S±Si alloy melt-silicate melt equilibration. ‘n’ represents the total number of experiments that were used to calibrate the parameterized equation in this study. Solid line represents 1:1 fit while the dashed lines represent error within a factor of 2. b) The predicted $D_{\text{N}}^{\text{alloy/silicate}}$ values in C-free and graphite-undersaturated alloys, in agreement with the experimental data of this study, are an order of magnitude higher than the predicted $D_{\text{N}}^{\text{alloy/silicate}}$ values of graphite-saturated alloys at logfO₂> IW–5 and the gap between the predicted values decreases with decrease in fO₂ (see Methods).