Table II.

Key study characteristics

#	Author (Year)	Country	Aim	Healthy eating strategy	Sample N	Indicator of socioeconomic disadvantage	Method(s)
1	Andrews et al. (2017)	USA	To examine the impact of the nutrition component of a community-based exercise and nutrition program and determine successful program elements.	Weekly nutrition classes that included an interactive lesson (e.g., nutrition label reading), an interactive cooking activity (e.g., introducing participants to new foods), and group discussion.	N = 8, most were female (88%), ages ranged from 33–60, participants were African American (25%), Asian American (25%), and Hispanic or Latino (50%).	Zip code.	Focus group (n = 1)
2	Edward and Evers (2001)	Canada	To gain insight into the benefits and barriers associated with participation in food programs.	Breakfast clubs, collective kitchens, community gardens, cooking classes, cooking clubs, daily bread programs, emergency meals, and weekend markets.	N = 69, including parents, staff, children aged 4–8, and teachers.	Income.	Focus groups (n = 11)
3	Hu et al. (2013)	USA	To identify sociocultural and structural environmental barriers to purchasing healthy food and strategies to promote locally grown produce from an urban food security project.	Urban agriculture farm.	N = 31, including community organization representatives and community residents.	Income.	In-depth interviews (n = 20), focus groups (n = 2), and participant observation (n = 3)
4	Knapp et al. (2019)	USA	To examine the perceptions of a school-based kitchen garden program, identify program attributes that are most highly valued, and determine the perceived impact of the program on students.	School-based kitchen garden program that offered interactive, garden- and kitchen-based curriculum classes during school hours and afterschool programming.	N = 61, including students in grades 5–8, parents, and teachers. Of the parents, most were African American (67%) and all were female (100%). Parent ages ranged from 25–50.	Income.	Focus groups (n = 10)
5	McFadden et al. (2014)	UK	To evaluate a food subsidy program from the perspectives of beneficiaries, potential beneficiaries, and health practitioners and determine whether food vouchers can contribute to reducing nutritional inequalities for women and young children.	Targeted food subsidy program that provided vouchers that could be exchanged for any combination of fruits, vegetables, milk, or infant formula.	N = 109, most were female (96%) and aged 21–30 (51%), with the remainder under age 20 (11%), aged 31–40 (31%), and over age 40 (4%). Over half (53%) were from non-White ethnic backgrounds, including Asian (28%) and Black (18%).	Income.	Participatory workshops (n = 11), focus groups (n = 3), and telephone interviews (n = 3)
6	Ohly et al. (2019)	UK	To explore potential outcomes of a food voucher program for low-income pregnant women and young children and develop explanations for how and why these outcomes might occur.	See above (McFadden et al., 2014)	N = 11, White British females aged 18–25 (64%) and 26–35 years (36%).	Income.	Semi-structured interviews (n = 11)
7	Palar et al. (2019)	USA	To elucidate the perceived health benefits of an urban home gardening and nutritional education program.	Urban home gardening and nutrition education program.	N = 32, primarily female (75%) who identified as Latino (69%). Ages ranged from 27–67.	Income.	Semi structured interviews (n = 32)
8	Pettigrew et al. (2017)	Australia	To identify the program features deemed most attractive and useful by participants of a nutrition education program for disadvantaged adults.	Nutrition education program involving information presentation, cooking classes, and skills training.	N not reported. Approximately three-quarters of the participants involved in the evaluation were female, and ages ranged from young adults to the elderly.	Disadvantaged people, including Aboriginal Australians and unemployed young adults.	Focus groups (n = 5), participant observations (n = 31), and open-ended questions in surveys (n = 2)
9	Savoie Roskos et al. (2017)	USA	To identify benefits and barriers to using a farmers’ market incentive program among participants.	Farmers market incentive program that provided tokens as a form of payment used to purchase items such as fruits and vegetables, meat, dairy, bread, herbs, and honey at one farmers’ market.	N = 14, most were female (71%) and aged 18–39 (71%). All were White.	Income.	Semi-structured interviews (n = 14)
10	Saxe-Custack et al. (2018)	USA	To explore caregiver perceptions of a paediatric clinic co-locating with a farmers’ market, experiences with a fruit and vegetable prescription program, and perceived impact of these initiatives on child produce consumption.	A farmers’ market fruit and vegetable prescription program. Patients received a fruit and vegetable prescription that could only be redeemed for fresh produce.	N = 32, most were female (91%) and African American (53%). The mean age was 37.	Income.	Semi-structured interviews (n = 32)
11	Tobey et al. (2019)	USA	To refine the content and delivery of healthy recipes in a social marketing campaign to low-income families.	Social marketing campaign that promoted preparation of healthy home-prepared meals.	N = 55, all were female and ranged in age from 35 to 52 years. Self-reported ethnicity data were available for 41 participants, including White (54%), Black (37%), Hispanic (5%), and Asian (5%).	Income.	Focus groups (n = 9)
12	White et al. (2018)	USA	To examine perspectives on food access among low-income families participating in a cost-offset community-supported agriculture (CO-CSA) program.	Cost-offset community-supported agriculture (CO-CSA) program that provided a subsidized CSA share and food preparation and nutrition education.	N = 53, most were female (94%) and White, non-Hispanic (64%).	Income.	Focus groups (n = 14)