. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Apr 1.

Published in final edited form as: Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2021 Mar 15;19(2):206–221. doi: 10.1007/s11914-020-00647-7

Table 1.

Functional effects and tissue distribution of voltage-sensitive calcium channel auxilliary subunits

Subunit	Functional effects	Tissue Distribution
α₂δ₁	Trafficking α₁ to membrane Increases current amplitude Activating/Inactivating calcium gating-kinetetics Site of extracellular ligand interaction Voltage dependence	Brain, heart, skeletal muscle, bone
α₂δ₂	Increases current amplitude	lung, testis, brain, heart, pancreas, prostate, skeletal muscle, bone, spinal cord
α₂δ₃	Amplifying current density	Brain, heart, skeletal muscle
α₂δ₄	Increases current amplitude	Heart, skeletal muscle, intestine, fetal liver, erythroblasts, adrenal gland, pitutary
β₁	Skeletal excitation-contraction coupling Trafficking α₁ to membrane Activating/Inactivating calcium gating-kinetetics Voltage dependence Targeting of α₁1.1 to triads	Skeletal muscle, brain
β₂	Trafficking α₁ to membrane Activating/Inactivating calcium gating-kinetetics Voltage dependence Targeting of α₁1.4 to retina	Heart, lung, trachea, aorta, brain
β₃	Trafficking α₁ to membrane Activating/Inactivating calcium gating-kinetetics Voltage dependence	Smooth muscle, trachea, aorta, lung, brain
β₄	Trafficking α₁ to membrane Regulating calcium gating-kinetetics Activating/Inactivating calcium gating-kinetetics	Brain
γ₁	Activating/Inactivating calcium gating-kinetetics Inhibiting channel function	Skeletal muscle
γ₂	Activating/Inactivating calcium gating-kinetetics Inhibiting channel function	Brain
γ₃	Activating/Inactivating calcium gating-kinetetics	Brain
γ₄	Inactivating calcium gating-kinetetics	Heart, lunc, brain, prostate, spinal cord
γ₅	?	Brain
γ₆	Reduces current aplitude	Heart, skeletal muscle, brain
γ₇	Reduces current aplitude	Brain, heart, lung, testis
γ₈	?	Brain, testis, spinal cord

Adapted from Arikkath J & Campbell KP (2003) [3]