Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of 114 COVID-19 Patients
| Overseas Group, N=50 | Local Chinese Group, N=64 | p value | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| One-Way ANOVA | Tukey’s Post-Hoc Test | ||||||||||
| Foreign Travelers, N=10 | Overseas Chinese, N=40 | Foreigner vs Overseas Chinese | Foreigner vs Local | Overseas vs Local | |||||||
| Age (median, IQR) | 32.5 | (18.0–38.5) | 22 | (19.0–30.3) | 37.5 | (28.0–51.0) | <0.001 | 0.819 | 0.162 | <0.001 | |
| Sex (Number, Percentage) | |||||||||||
| Male | 7 | 70.00% | 23 | 57.50% | 33 | 51.56% | 0.373 | 0.761 | 0.527 | 0.827 | |
| Female | 3 | 30.00% | 17 | 42.50% | 31 | 48.44% | |||||
| Definite contact history | 4 | 40.00% | 8 | 20.00% | 45 | 70.31% | <0.001 | 0.731 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Comorbidities | 1 | 10.00% | 8 | 20.00% | 10 | 15.63% | 0.738 | 0.734 | 0.899 | 0.833 | |
| Initial signs and symptoms | |||||||||||
| Fever | 4 | 8.00% | 19 | 47.50% | 37 | 57.81% | 0.375 | 0.906 | 0.518 | 0.511 | |
| Cough | 3 | 6.00% | 20 | 50.00% | 10 | 15.63% | <0.001 | 0.296 | 0.159 | <0.001 | |
| Phlegm | 0 | 0.00% | 10 | 25.00% | 6 | 9.38% | 0.033 | 0.101 | 0.699 | 0.064 | |
| Admission Days | Laboratory parameters (mean+SD, 95% CI) | ||||||||||
| Day 1–3 | Lymphocyte (109/L) | 2.27±2.01 | (1.97–4.37) | 1.81±0.61 | (1.51–2.16) | 1.76±0.89 | (1.20–1.97) | 0.280 | 0.349 | 0.250 | 0.962 |
| WBC (109/L) | 5.50±1.71 | (3.79–7.00) | 5.10±1.54 | (4.30–5.12) | 5.30±1.78 | (4.07–5.57) | 0.752 | 0.783 | 0.933 | 0.837 | |
| Platelet (109/L) | 223.90±44.03 | (178.76–260.48) | 218.88±55.62 | (194.56–234.68) | 216.93±67.19 | (180.19–220.41) | 0.943 | 0.971 | 0.941 | 0.987 | |
| ALB (g/L) | 44.43±2.09 | (43.79–46.51) | 46.89±3.16 | (45.88–48.07) | 43.39±2.87 | (41.90–43.84) | <0.001 | 0.050 | 0.552 | <0.001 | |
| CRP (mg/L) | 3.63±4.58 | (0.39–8.46) | 5.92±9.80 | (2.75–9.92) | 14.80±21.68 | (11.47–32.26) | 0.022 | 0.994 | 0.147 | 0.039 | |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 3.84±2.42 | (2.12–6.15) | 4.50±4.15 | (3.32–6.31) | 8.36±7.81 | (6.03–12.31) | 0.012 | 0.953 | 0.111 | 0.017 | |
| PCT(ng/mL) | 0.049±0.030 | (0.019–0.091) | 0.041±0.042 | (0.025–0.064) | 0.096±0.283 | (0.020–0.173) | 0.420 | 0.994 | 0.785 | 0.411 | |
| Day 4–8 | Lymphocyte (109/L) | 2.13±1.31 | (0.21–4.60) | 2.06±0.49 | (1.89–2.37) | 1.78±0.80 | (1.07–2.18) | 0.179 | 0.971 | 0.429 | 0.220 |
| WBC (109/L) | 5.21±0.95 | (3.79–6.30) | 5.40±2.17 | (3.98–5.16) | 5.93±2.68 | (4.56–8.73) | 0.501 | 0.974 | 0.679 | 0.566 | |
| Platelet (109/L) | 220.22±67.52 | (188.58–293.17) | 234.92±69.92 | (211.61–258.23) | 265.40±73.42 | (225.68–314.46) | 0.072 | 0.845 | 0.197 | 0.131 | |
| ALB (g/L) | 44.26±2.60 | (43.92–46.31) | 43.06±3.17 | (33.70–49.50) | 42.01±3.48 | (40.17–43.94) | 0.122 | 0.987 | 0.513 | 0.270 | |
| CRP (mg/L) | 5.39±10.36 | (0.98–9.71) | 6.19±12.39 | (1.47–10.90) | 12.06±17.38 | (6.84–17.28) | 0.207 | 0.991 | 0.493 | 0.244 | |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 2.76±2.25 | (0.68–4.85) | 5.32±8.94 | (1.45–9.18) | 7.91±11.32 | (2.76–13.07) | 0.418 | 0.809 | 0.436 | 0.641 | |
| PCT (ng/mL) | 0.024±0.006 | (0.019–0.028) | 0.106±0.38 | (0.001–0.258) | 0.052±0.104 | (0.022–0.082) | 0.508 | 0.606 | 0.935 | 0.575 | |
| Day 9–15 | Lymphocyte (109/L) | 2.00±0.43 | (1.68–2.72) | 1.96±0.60 | (1.77–2.29) | 1.97±0.89 | (1.40–2.07) | 0.994 | 0.993 | 0.994 | 0.999 |
| WBC (109/L) | 6.26±1.93 | (3.77–9.44) | 6.00±2.05 | (4.97–6.23) | 6.26±1.75 | (5.58–7.60) | 0.817 | 0.934 | 0.999 | 0.807 | |
| Platelet (109/L) | 240.88±62.55 | (219.00–275.27) | 245.90±48.91 | (229.42–271.88) | 289.43±75.35 | (275.02–325.82) | 0.008 | 0.981 | 0.142 | 0.015 | |
| ALB (g/L) | 43.76±2.73 | (41.48–46.04) | 43.10±2.60 | (42.07–44.13) | 41.46±3.35 | (39.29–42.69) | 0.027 | 0.857 | 0.127 | 0.066 | |
| CRP (mg/L) | 1.30±1.01 | (−13.99–39.08) | 3.27±4.92 | (1.19–2.73) | 5.25±6.58 | (2.91–10.17) | 0.122 | 0.685 | 0.181 | 0.346 | |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 3.30±2.61 | (0.89–5.71) | 2.74±1.54 | (1.98–3.51) | 4.46±2.65 | (3.61–6.01) | 0.049 | 0.854 | 0.466 | 0.043 | |
| PCT (ng/mL) | 0.025±0.009 | (0.018–0.033) | 0.044±0.049 | (0.010–0.059) | 0.037±0.027 | (0.022–0.044) | 0.426 | 0.395 | 0.613 | 0.767 | |
| Day 16–22 | Lymphocyte (109/L) | 3.52±2.44 | (2.06–6.54) | 2.03±0.59 | (1.71–2.36) | 1.75±0.38 | (1.52–1.93) | 0.003 | 0.012 | 0.002 | 0.674 |
| WBC (109/L) | 6.74±2.28 | (3.91–9.57) | 6.25±1.38 | (5.48–7.02) | 6.11±1.30 | (5.42–6.88) | 0.703 | 0.796 | 0.679 | 0.962 | |
| Platelet (109/L) | 238.20±91.01 | (125.19–351.21) | 236.67±55.09 | (180.49–300.51) | 263.33±58.02 | (234.48–292.19) | 0.431 | 0.999 | 0.701 | 0.439 | |
| ALB (g/L) | 44.98±2.49 | (41.89–48.07) | 43.01±2.23 | (41.13–44.32) | 40.91±2.50 | (39.01–44.02) | 0.004 | 0.262 | 0.006 | 0.051 | |
| CRP (mg/L) | 0.31±0.37 | (−0.15–0.77) | 4.38±4.43 | (0.37–3.55) | 5.15±7.38 | (1.35–8.94) | 0.193 | 0.174 | 0.271 | 0.894 | |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 1.50±0.30 | (1.48–1.54) | 2.19±0.77 | (−1.98–12.37) | 3.43±1.86 | (2.10–4.76) | 0.075 | 0.748 | 0.119 | 0.117 | |
| PCT (ng/mL) | 0.022±0.003 | (0.018–0.026) | 0.041±0.030 | (0.022–0.061) | 0.016±0.020 | (0.007–0.025) | 0.011 | 0.245 | 0.859 | 0.008 | |
| Length of hospital stay (mean (day); (95% CI)) | 26.9±7.0 | (21.9–31.9) | 26.4±8.8 | (23.6–29.2) | 15.6±2.8 | (14.9–16.3) | <0.001 | 0.973 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Notes: Data are given as counts with percentage, mean ± SD with 95% CI, or median with range; for data not normally distributed, median with interquartile range (IQR) is used. Categorical variables are given as counts and percentages. Determined using one-way analysis of variance and p values in bold are considered to be significant.
Abbreviations: ALB, Albumin; CRP, C-reactive protein; IL-6, Interleukin-6; PCT, procalcitonin.