. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Aug 1.

Published in final edited form as: Transl Res. 2021 Mar 9;234:58–73. doi: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.03.006

Table 1.

Treatment-combination matrix: testing candidate treatments for sleep deficiency in persons with opioid use disorder (OUD). Examples in the table refer to the few relevant published or ongoing clinical studies (see text for discussion).

	Primary medications for treating OUD
Sleep intervention	Buprenorphine	Methadone	Naltrexone
Cognitive-Behavioral
CBTi		[104]
MBTi
Yoga	[107]
Neuromodulation
rTMS
tDCS or tACS
Medications
5-HT_2,3 receptor antagonists		[133, 135]
Melatonin_1,2 receptor agonists		[129, 131]
Endocannabinoid modulators
Orexin_1,2 receptor antagonists		NCT04287062	NCT04287062, NCT04262193

Abbreviations: CBTi, cognitive behavioral treatment for insomnia; MBTi, mindfulness-based therapy for insomnia; rTMS, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; tDCS, transcranial direct current stimulation; tACS, transcranial alternating current stimulation.