Table 3:
Summary of studies examining the long-lasting effect of maternal separation on development of CRF and OT systems.
| Reference | Species | Sex | Maternal Separation Duration | Maternal Separation Age | Measurement Age | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Babygirija et al., 2012 | Sprague-Dawley rats | Male | 3 hr/day | PND 2–14 | >PND 56 (following restraint stress) | ↑ CRF mRNA in PVN ↑ CRF neurons in PVN |
| Flagel et al., 2003 | Sprague-Dawley rats | Female and male | 10 min/day | Early (PND 2–8) Late (PND 8–14) | PND 70 | ↔ CRF mRNA in PVN and Amyg |
| Garcia-Gutiérrez etal., 2016 | Swiss ICR mice | Male | 12 hr/day | PND 8 and 12 | PND 28 | ↑ CRF mRNA in PVN |
| de Almeida Magalhães et al., 2018 | C57BL/6 mice | Female and male | 6 hr/day | PND 5–21 | PND 45 | ↔ CRF mRNA in Hypo ↑ CRF1 and CRF2 receptor mRNA in Hipp |
| Slotten et al., 2006 | Long-Evans rats | Male | 3 hr/day | PND 3–15 | PND 115–120 | ↔ CRF mRNA in PVN |
| Desbonnet et al., 2008 | Wistar rats | Female and male | 3 hr/day | PND 2–14 | Adulthood (stressed vs. control) | ↑ CRF neurons in PVN (stressed females only) ↓ CRF neurons in Amyg (males only) |
| Wang et al., 2014 | Sprague-Dawley rats | Female and male | 3 hr/day | PND 1–10 | PND 77 | ↑ CRF mRNA in Hipp ↑ CRF protein in Hipp |
| Murgatroyd et al., 2009 | C57BL/6N mice | Male | 3 hr/day | PND 1–10 | PND 90 | ↔ CRF mRNA in Hypo |
| Plotsky et al., 2005 | Long-Evans rats | Female and male | Short 15 min/day Long 3 hr/day |
PND 2–14 | PND 100–120 | ↑ CRF in CSF (MS Long only) ↑ CRF mRNA and protein in PVN, Amyg, BNST and LC (MS Long only) ↑ CRF total receptor binding in PVN and LC (MS Long only) ↓ CRF total receptor binding in PVN and LC (MS Short only) ↑ CRF1 receptor binding and mRNA in PVN and LC (MS Long only) ↓ CRF1 receptor binding and mRNA in Ctx (MS Long only) |
| Aisa et al., 2008 | Wistar rats | Females | 3 hr/day | PND 2–21 | PND 60–75 | ↑ CRF mRNA in PVN |
| O’Malley et al., 2011 | Sprague-Dawley rats | Male | 3 hr/day | PND 2–21 | Adulthood | ↑ CRF1 protein in Hypo ↔ CRF1 protein in PFC, Amyg or Hipp ↔ CRF2 protein in Hypo, Amyg or Hipp |
| Ladd et al., 1996 | Sprague-Dawley rats | Male | 4–6 hr/day | PND 2–20 | PND 114–115 | ↓ CRF receptor binding in Pit ↑ CRF receptor binding in RN. ↑ CRF in ME, PB and RN |
| Plotsky and Meaney, 1993 | Long-Evans rats | Female and male | 3 hr/day | PND 2–14 | PND 90–120 | ↑ CRF mRNA and content in Hypo |
| Chen et al., 2012 | Sprague-Dawley rats | Female and male | 4 hr/day | PND 2–13 | PND 60 | ↑ CRF mRNA in Hypo (females only) ↔ CRF mRNA in Amyg |
| Bravo et al., 2011 | Sprague-Dawley rats | Female and male | 3 hr/day | PND 2–14 | PND 77–91 | ↑ CRF1 mRNA in Amyg and RN ↔ CRF1 mRNA in Hipp ↓ CRF2 mRNA in Hipp, Amyg and RN |
| Hu et al., 2020 | C57BL/6J | Male | 24 hr | PND 3 | PND 70–84 | ↑ CRF neurons in BNST ↑ CRF mRNA in BNST ↑ CRF1 receptor mRNA in BNST ↔ CRF2 receptor mRNA in BNST |
| He et al., 2018 | Mandarin voles | Female | 15 min/day | PND 1–14 | Adulthood | ↔ OT cells in PVN and SON |
| Gilles and Poston, 2017 | Sprague-Dawley rats | Female and male | 4 hr/day | PND 2–21 | PND 103–107 | ↔ OT cells in PVN and SON |
| Riveros-Barrera and Duenas, 2016 | Wistar rats | Female and male | 3 hr/day | PND 1–21 | 1) PND 35 2) PND 90 |
1) ↔ OT in plasma 2) ↑ OT in plasma (females) ↓ OT in plasma (males) |
| Babygirija et al., 2012 | Sprague-Dawley rats | Male | 3 hr/day | PND 2–14 | >PND 56 (following restraint stress) | ↓ OT mRNA in PVN ↓ OT magno cells in PVN ↔ OT parvo cells in PVN |
| Tsuda et al., 2011 | C57BL/6J mice | Male | 3 hr/day | PND 1–14 | PND 28–42 | ↑ OT cells in PVN |
| Barrett et al., 2015 | Prairie voles | Female | 3 hr/day | PND 1–14 | PND 98 | ↔ OT receptors |
| Wei et al., 2020 | Sprague-Dawley rats | Male | 4 hr/day | PND 1–20 | PND 42 | ↓ OT receptor mRNA in PFC ↓ OT receptor protein in PFC |
| Holubová et al., 2019 | Wistar rats | Female and male | 3 hr/day | PND 1–21 | PND 30 | ↓ OT in plasma |
| Lukas et al., 2010 | Wistar rats | Male | 3 hr/day | PND 1–14 | 1) PND 35 2) PND 56 3) PND 112 |
1) ↓ OT receptors in Ctx 2) ↓ OT receptors in Ctx 3) ↓ OT receptors in Sep and Str ↑ OT receptors in VMH |
| Veenema et al., 2007 | C57BL/6 mice | Female and male | 3 hr/day | PND 1–14 | >PND 98 | ↓ OT parvo cells in PVN (females only) ↔ OT magno cells in PVN |
| Oreland et al., 2010 | Wistar rats | Male | Short 15 min/day Long 6 hr/day |
PND 1–21 | 1) PND 21 2) PND 70 |
1) ↓ OT in Hypo (MS Short only) ↓ OT in Amyg ↑ OT in Pit (MS Short only) 2) ↔ OT in Hypo and Pit ↓ OT Amyg (MS Short only) |
| Melchior et al., 2018 | Wistar rats | Female and male | 3 hr/day | PND 2–12 | PND 56 | ↔ OT receptor mRNA in SC |
Abbreviations: Amyg=amydala; BNST=bed nucleus of the stria terminalis; CRF=corticotropin-releasing hormone; CSF=cerebrospinal fluid; Ctx=cortex; Hipp=hippocampus; Hypo=hypothalamus; LC=locus coeruleus; ME=median eminence; mRNA=messenger ribonucleic acid; OT=oxytocin; PB=parabrachial nucleus; PFC=prefrontal cortex; Pit=pituitary; PND=postnatal day; PVN=paraventricular nucleus; RN=raphe nucleus; SC=spinal cord; Sep=septum; SON=supraoptic nucleus; Str=striatum; VMH=ventromedial hypothalamus