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The general concepts that separate (B) rings, (C) catenanes and (D) molecular knots is the number of rings and number of ring crossings. The separation of isobars (A) is a simple but effective use of IMS-MS to study catenanes and knots. Here the separation of a complex molecular knot is distinguished from its component rings and catenanes also present in the reaction (Sawada et al., 2019).
