Table 4.

Binomial test results of leaf surface (upper = adaxial and lower = abaxial) by fly type and common behaviors.

Behavior	Fly type	N upper	N lower	% lower	Dominant Leaf surface	P value
Resting	Fertile	10	208	95.4	Lower	< 2.2 × 10–16
	Sterile	14	179	92.7	Lower	< 2.2 × 10–16
	Wild	7	326	97.9	Lower	< 2.2 × 10–16
Grooming	Fertile	9	91	91.0	Lower	< 2.2 × 10–16
	Sterile	8	69	89.6	Lower	3.14 × 10–13
	Wild	14	108	88.5	Lower	< 2.2 × 10–16
Walking	Fertile	18	43	70.5	Lower	0.0019
	Sterile	16	35	68.6	Lower	0.0110
	Wild	27	31	53.4	–	0.6940
Feeding	Fertile	31	12	27.9	Upper	0.0054
	Sterile	21	4	19.0	Upper	0.0009
	Wild	68	27	28.4	Upper	3.11 × 10–5

P values were calculated based on the null hypothesis of equal probability (P = 0.5) that flies occurred on either upper or lower leaf surfaces.