Table 3.
Univariate and multivariate analyses of factors associated with extrahepatic metastasis.
| Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | p-value | HR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Serum alkaline phosphatase > 130 U/L | 2.800 (1.222–6.416) | 0.015 | ||
| ALBI grade ≥ 2 | 1.889 (1.175–3.036) | 0.009 | ||
| Pathologic mUICC stage (III, IVa) | 2.398 (1.586–3.626) | < 0.001 | 2.664 (1.232–5.763) | 0.013 |
| Multiple tumorsa | 1.980 (1.183–3.313) | 0.009 | ||
| Major Edmondson Steiner grade ≥ 3 | 1.529 (1.016–2.299) | 0.042 | ||
| Surgical margin involvement | 2.749 (1.200–6.298) | 0.017 | 3.040 (1.050–8.804) | 0.040 |
| Venous/lymphatic involvement | 2.043 (1.312–3.180) | 0.002 | ||
| Serosa invasion | 3.167 (1.380–7.271) | 0.007 | ||
| Bile duct invasion | 5.720 (1.401–23.350) | 0.015 | ||
| Satellite nodule | 2.632 (1.694–4.090) | < 0.001 | ||
| Tumor necrosis | 2.333 (1.504–3.620) | < 0.001 | 1.797 (1.035–3.118) | 0.037 |
| Sum of tumor size > 7 cm | 3.792 (2.394–6.004) | < 0.001 | 2.481 (1.198–5.135) | 0.014 |
| Beyond Milan criteria | 2.832 (1.881–4.263) | < 0.001 | ||
| Macrovascular invasion | 4.005 (1.934–8.295) | < 0.001 | 3.295 (1.310–8.292) | 0.011 |
| BCLC stage C | 2.271 (1.382–3.731) | 0.001 | ||
| Serum AFP ≥ 50,000 IU/mL | 5.519 (1.347–22.621) | 0.018 | ||
HR hazards ratio, CI confidence interval, mUICC modified Union for International Cancer Control, CT computed tomography, MRI magnetic resonance imaging, BCLC Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer, AFP alpha-fetoprotein.
aNumber of tumors examined at pathologic findings.