TABLE 1.

Animal models of pulmonary hypertension.

Cause	Histological features	Animal models
Group 1: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)
Idiopathic PAH	Pulmonary artery intimal proliferation	Su-Hx rat/mouse
Heritable PAH	Pulmonary artery medical hypertrophy	MCT rat
Drugs/Toxin/Others	Plexiform lesions	Su-Hx-Normoxia
Group 2: Pulmonary hypertension with left heart disease
Left-sided heart disease	Pulmonary medical hypertrophy	SU5416/Obese ZSF1 rat
	Pulmonary vein arterialization
	Pulmonary interstitial edema
Group 3: Pulmonary hypertension associated with lung disease
and/or hypoxemia
High altitudes	Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction	Su-Hx rat/mouse
COPD/Pulmonary fibrosis	Muscularization of arterioles	Hypoxia rat/mouse
Obstructive sleep apnea
Group 4: Pulmonary hypertension due to chronic thrombotic and/or
embolic disease
Pulmonary emboli	Thrombi or embolism	Vena cava ligation
Other clotting disorders	Recanalized organized thrombi
Group 5: Pulmonary hypertension triggered by other health conditions
Heterogeneous	Heterogeneous