Table 1.
Descriptive statistics and correlations among variables.
| M ±SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. PP | 5.01 ± 0.91 | 1 | ||||
| 2. PTSRs | 3.54 ± 0.75 | 0.433*** | 1 | |||
| 3. NTSRs | 2.05 ± 0.86 | −0.104* | −0.382*** | 1 | ||
| 4. ASE | 3.62 ± 0.57 | 0.489*** | 0.425*** | −0.117** | 1 | |
| 5. AE | 4.09 ± 0.73 | 0.381*** | 0.438*** | −0.214*** | 0.542*** | 1 |
PP, proactive personality; PTSRs, positive teacher-student relationships; NTSRs, negative teacher-student relationships; ASE, academic self-efficacy; AE, academic engagement.
*
p < 0.05;
**
p < 0.01;
***
p < 0.001.