Table 2.

Bootstrap analyses of magnitude and statistical significance of indirect effects.

Model pathways	Effect	p	95%CI
			Lower	Upper
PP → TSRs → AE	0.089***	<0.001	0.141	0.322
PP → ASE → AE	0.218***	<0.001	0.043	0.123
PP → TSRs → ASE → AE	0.074***	<0.001	0.033	0.081
PP → TSRs/ASE → AE	0.385***	<0.001	0.033	0.153
(total indirect effect)
PP → AE (direct effect)	0.015	=0.056	−0.097	0.122
PP → AE (total effect)	0.397***	<0.001	0.314	0.475

PP, proactive personality; TSRs, teacher-student relationships; ASE, academic self-efficacy; AE, academic engagement. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01;

^***p < 0.001.