TABLE 5.
RNA-based scaffolds used for bone osteogenesis.
| Scaffolds | Cell type | Gene | Findings | Study |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SMAT-Ti (surface mechanical attrition treatment) | hBMSCs | mRNA, miRNA, circRNA | The genes expression was upregulated (has-circ-0032599, has-circ-0032600, and has-circ-0032601) in SMAT-Ti scaffolds comparing to the annealed Ti. | Zhu et al. (2020) |
| Poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) | hMSCs | miRNA, siRNA | Bone formation was improved in the rat calvarias bone defect after PEG gel implantation containing hMSCs and miRNA-20a compared to the hydrogels without siRNA or with negative control siRNA. | Nguyen et al. (2018) |
| 3D hybrid scaffolds (Composite ink made of polycaprolactone (PCL)/ poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)/ hydroxyapatite nano-particles | Rat bone marrow stem cells (rBMSCs) | miR-148b | In vitro: a significant upregulation of Runx2 levels for the miR-14b group comparing to the control, which indicates an early stage of bone differentiation during the bone remodeling, but not with osteocalcin (OCN) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression. | Moncal et al. (2019) |
| In vivo: the miR-148b supplemented scaffolds showed an effective modulation of rBMSCs and enhancing on the bone regeneration for the rat calvarial bone defects. | ||||
| ß-tricalcium phosphate (ß-TCP) | Mice bone marrow stem cells (mBMSCs) | miRNA-26a | The micro-computed tomography, eosin, and toluidine blue staining showed an improvement in the bone repair after ß-TCP scaffolds co-cultured with the MSCs. High expression for ALP, Runx2, and osteocalcin was also observed on the transfected implant. | Liu et al. (2018) |
| Chitosan (Cs)/ hyaluronic acid (HA) nanoparticles (NPS) cross linked onto gel culture plate | hBMSCs | miR-21 | The combination of CS/HA/miR-21 NPs delivery on the hBMSCs sheets showed an improvement on the osteogenic differentiation markers (OCN and OPN) and enhanced the ALP activity, collagen secretion, and bone nodule formation. | Wang et al. (2016) |
| CS/nano HA/ nano-zirconium dioxide (nZrO2) | Mouse MSCs | miR-590-5p | The combination of CS/nHA/nZrO2/mBMSCs/ miR-590-5p suggested the potential of osteoconductive properties, by activating various signaling pathways, such as Runx2, Collagen type 1, and ALP. | Balagangadharan et al. (2018) |
| Collagen-nHA | hMSCs | miR-16 | miR-16 may play an inhibitory role in osteogenesis due to its ability to directly target Smad5 and AcvR2a, which also could be used as a potential of a scaffold with the known potential for bone repair applications. | Mencia Castaño et al. (2019) |
| CS sponge | MSCs | siRNA | The CS sponge with siRNA significantly upregulated the OCN, ALP, and the vascular endothelia growth factor in vitro. | Jia et al. (2014) |
| In vivo: the critical size defect in the rat skull showed a marked bone regeneration using the CS sponge and siRNA treatment. | ||||
| Collagen sponge | C2C12 cells (osteoblast) | siRNA | BMP2 enhanced the osteoblast differentiation by noggin-targeted siRNA in vitro. | Takayama et al. (2009) |
| In vivo, the collagen-retaining BMP2 discs was implanted (after noggin-silencing siRNA) and the bone mineral contents were improved after 2 weeks of surgery. | ||||
| PEG/ poly (lactic acid)-dimethacrylate (PEG/PLA-GM) hydrogel | In vivo (mice) | siRNA | For the siRNA/NP that embedded within the gel, the diffusion could be controlled via encapsulation with tunable kinetics degradation and modeled for a delivery depot. | Wang et al., 2018) |
| Sand blasted, large-grit, acid-etched Ti (SLA-Ti) | hBMSCs | lncRNA | lncRNA PWRN1-209 enhanced ALP activity and osteogenic markers (e.g., Runx2, Col1, and Bsp) of MSCs cultured on microtopographic Ti comparing to the cells cultured on the flat Ti in vitro. | Wang et al. (2020) |
| SLA-Ti | hBMSCs | lncRNA | MSCs cultured on the SLA-TI scaffolds showed high levels of HIF1A-AS1 and VEGFA expression, while the knockdown of HIF1A-AS1 inhibited the osteogenic differentiation by regulating the p38 MPK cascade proteins. | Zheng et al. (2020) |