Figure 1.

Current and novel immunotherapeutic strategies for GBM treatment under pre-clinical and clinical investigation. Current immunotherapeutic strategies in GBM include oncolytic viruses that can destroy glioma cells through immunogenic cell death without affecting non neoplastic brain cells, TAM reprogramming and the use of CAR T cells. Activation of immune checkpoint ligands such as PD-1, CTLA-4, and IDO can help tumor cells to escape immune surveillance. Thus, inhibition of them can effectively inhibit glioma progression and improve the response to other active immunotherapeutic strategies, such as DC vaccines and immunostimulant gene therapy. GBM antigens, including IL-13Rα2, HER2/neu and EGFRvIII are present in tumor cells. These tumor-associated antigens are targets of genetically modified CAR-T cells or peptide vaccines. Also, novel strategies are being studied currently in the pre-clinical setting, addressing more efficient ways to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), such as nanodiscs, and the modulation of the activity of novel targets. Created with BioRender.com.