Table 1.

PD-1 inhibitor treatments approved by the FDA and in clinical testing for GBM patients.

Clinical trials investigating the use of ICIs for treatment of GBM
Drug	Target	Name	Year	Clinical Phase	Arms
PD-1	Nivolumab	Neoantigen-based personalized Vaccine Combined with Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy in Patients with Newly Diagnosed, Unmethylated GBM	Actual Study Start Date: October 31, 2018 Actual Primary Completion Date: May 25, 2020 Estimated Study Completion Date: February 26, 2021	I	Arm A: NeoVax + Nivolumab (at progression) Arm B: NeoVax + Nivolumab (at Cycle 2) Arm C: NeoVax + Nivolumab (at Cycle 1)
		GMCI, Nivolumab, and Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients with Newly Diagnosed High-grade Gliomas	Actual Study Start Date: February 27, 2018 Estimated Primary Completion Date: February 28, 2021 Estimated Study Completion Date: February 28, 2021	I	Arm A: MGMT Unmethylated patients; AdV-TK injection into resection cavity, valaciclovir 14 days, radiation after 8 days, TMZ after valaciclovir, Nivolumab every 2 weeks to 52 weeks Arm B: MGMT Methylated and undetermined patients; AdV-TK injection into resection cavity, valaciclovir 14 days, radiation after 8 days, TMZ after valaciclovir, Nivolumab every 2 weeks to 52 weeks
		Translational Study of Nivolumab in Combination with Bevacizumab for Recurrent Glioblastoma	Actual Study Start Date: October 1, 2018 Estimated Primary Completion Date: February 1, 2022 Estimated Study Completion Date: August 1, 2022	II	Arm A: Nivolumab + Bevacizumab in patients not undergoing salvage surgery Arm B: Nivolumab + Bevacizumab in patients not undergoing salvage surgery
	Pembrolizumab	Combination Adenovirus + Pembrolizumab to Trigger Immune Virus Effects (CAPTIVE)	Study Start Date: June 2016 Estimated Primary Completion Date: December 2020 Estimated Study Completion Date: June 2021	II	Intratumoral DNX-2401 (a genetically modified oncolytic adenovirus) followed by IV Pembrolizumab
		Laser Interstitial Thermotherapy (LTTI) Combined with Checkpoint Inhibitor for Recurrent GBM	Actual Study Start Date: November 29, 2017 Estimated Primary Completion Date: December 2020 Estimated Study Completion Date: January 2021	l/ll	Arm A: IV Pembrolizumab 7 days pre-surgery with LITT Arm B: IV Pembrolizumab 14 days post-surgery with LITT Arm C: IV Pembrolizumab 35 days post-surgery with LITT
		PVSRIPO and Pembrolizumab in Patients With Recurrent Glioblastoma	Estimated Study Start Date: September 2020 Estimated Primary Completion Date: March 2023 Estimated Study Completion Date: March 2023	I	Single Arm: PVSRIPO intratumoral infusion followed by intravenous Pembrolizumab 14 to 28 days later, and every 3 weeks, thereafter