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. 2021 Mar 24;10(6):1490–1504. doi: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00071

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Integration of the motility module with the light-switchable energy module. (A) Schematic presentation of isolated flagella mixed with energy module. (B) Functionalized liposomes are illuminated for different times, generating ATP concentrations up to 213 μM under illumination with a 5 W microscope lamp. (C) Higher ATP concentrations up to 330 μM was produced under illumination with a 50W LED lamp. Both light sources are located 25 cm away from the sample. Inset shows ATP production in the time interval 0 to 5 min of illumination. (D) Axonemes beat faster at higher ATP concentrations produced by longer illumination of energy module under microscope light. Inset shows that axonemes beat even at small ATP concentrations below 10 μM. (E) Static curvature of the axonemes, defined as the curvature of the mean shape averaged over one beating cycle (arc-shaped filament with cyan color), does not significantly depend on ATP concentration. The black line shows a linear fit with the offset of ∼0.16 μm–1 and slope of zero. For each data point in panels D and E, frequencies of 10 axonemes are measured to calculate the mean and standard deviation.