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The immune ecosystem of human liver cancer. A tumor-suppressive immune ecosystem is characterized by the presence of immune-stimulatory cell types such as CD8+ T lymphocytes, NK cells, and DCs as well as increased IFN-γ and granzyme B production. A tumor-progressive immune ecosystem is characterized by the presence of immunosuppressive MDSC-like macrophages, TAM-like macrophages, LAMP3+ DCs, LAYN+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), and dysfunctional LAYN+ CD8 T cells.
