TABLE 1.
Baseline Characteristics According to Categories of PFV in Women and Men
| Women | Men | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal PFV (n = 2,130) |
High PFV (n = 1,462) |
P value | Normal PFV (n = 2,483) |
High PFV (n = 710) |
p Value | |
| Age, yrs | 60.2 ± 10.2 | 64.9 ± 9.7 | <0.001 | 61.6 ± 10.3 | 64.5 ± 9.5 | <0.001 |
| Race | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| White | 796 (37) | 664 (39) | 885 (36) | 370 (52) | ||
| Black | 720 (34) | 329 (23) | 737 (30) | 98 (14) | ||
| Hispanic | 379 (18) | 394 (27) | 519 (21) | 197 (28) | ||
| Chinese | 235 (11) | 175 (12) | 342 (14) | 45 (6) | ||
| Body mass index, kg/m2† | 26.7 ± 5.3 | 31.7 ± 6.3 | <0.001 | 26.8 ± 3.9 | 31.4 ± 4.3 | <0.001 |
| Lean | 913 (43) | 172 (12) | 832 (34) | 27 (4) | ||
| Overweight | 737 (35) | 478 (33) | 1,157 (47) | 283 (40) | ||
| Obese | 480 (23) | 812 (56) | 494 (20) | 400 (56) | ||
| Waist circumference , cm | 91.1 ± 13.8 | 105.9 ± 14.9 | <0.001 | 96.3 ± 10.7 | 109.7 ± 11.5 | <0.001 |
| High‡ | 1,167 (55) | 1,300 (89) | 679 (27) | 528 (74) | ||
| Hip circumference, cm | 104.1 ± 11.1 | 112.5 ± 13.6 | <0.001 | 101.8 ± 8.4 | 109.4 ± 9.4 | <0.001 |
| ≥Median (≥104 cm) | 985 (46) | 1,044 (71) | <0.001 | 912 (37) | 484 (68) | <0.001 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.87 ± 0.08 | 0.94 ± 0.07 | <0.001 | 0.95 ± 0.06 | 1.00 ± 0.06 | <0.001 |
| ≥Median (≥0.94) | 519 (24) | 802 (55) | <0.001 | 1425 (57) | 645 (91) | <0.001 |
| Abdominal computed tomography§ | ||||||
| Subcutaneous fat volume, cm3 | 956 ± 389 (513) | 1,138 ± 421 (290) | <0.001 | 723 ± 302 (666) | 898 ± 341 (147) | <0.001 |
| Visceral fat volume, cm3 | 341 ± 146 (567) | 194 ± 176 (391) | <0.001 | 484 ± 204 (750) | 749 ± 237 (209) | <0.001 |
| Vigorous physical activity|| | 526 (25) | 220 (15) | <0.001 | 1,120 (45) | 268 (38) | <0.001 |
| Cigarette smoking | 0.51 | <0.001 | ||||
| No | 1,267 (60) | 847 (58) | 1,053 (43) | 234 (33) | ||
| Past | 605 (28) | 441 (30) | 1,044 (42) | 386 (54) | ||
| Current | 252 (12) | 168 (12) | 377 (15) | 89 (13) | ||
| Alcohol consumption# | <0.001 | 0.04 | ||||
| No or past | 990 (47) | 834 (58) | 935 (38) | 240 (34) | ||
| Mild to moderate | 1,028 (49) | 559 (39) | 1,390 (56) | 414 (58) | ||
| Heavy | 98 (5) | 53 (4) | 139 (6) | 54 (8) | ||
| Blood pressure, mm Hg | ||||||
| Systolic | 123.7 ± 23.0 | 132.0 ± 22.6 | <0.001 | 124.8 ± 19.3 | 130.3 ± 18.7 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic | 68.9 ± 10.3 | 69.4 ± 9.9 | <0.001 | 74.8 ± 9.4 | 76.1 ± 9.3 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension** | 831 (39) | 843 (58) | <0.001 | 975 (39) | 392 (55) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus†† | 159 (7) | 250 (17) | <0.001 | 304 (12) | 143 (20) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia‡‡ | 704 (33) | 753 (52) | <0.001 | 1,299 (52) | 486 (68) | <0.001 |
| Biomarkers | ||||||
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 3.8 ± 5.6 | 5.7 ± 6.5 | <0.001 | 2.7 ± 5.6 | 3.7 ± 5.0 | <0.001 |
| Interleukin-6, pg/mL | 1.4 ± 1.1 | 2.0 ± 1.3 | <0.001 | 1.4 ± 1.1 | 1.9 ± 1.4 | <0.001 |
| Log-NT-proBNP, pg/mL | 4.1 ± 1.0 | 4.2 ± 1.0 | 0.004 | 3.6 ± 1.2 | 3.7 ± 1.2 | 0.001 |
Values are mean ± SD, n (%), or mean ± SD (n). By design, none of the participants had clinically apparent cardiovascular disease at baseline (see text for details).
High PFV value was defined as ≥70 cm3 in women and ≥120 cm3 in men.
The body mass index was calculated as the weight in kilograms (kg) divided by the square of the height in meters (m2). The body mass index was <25 kg/m2 in lean participants, 25 to 29.9 kg/m2 in overweight participants, and ≥30 kg/m2 in obese participants.
High waist circumference was defined as >88 cm in women and >102 cm in men.
Data on abdominal subcutaneous and visceral fat volume computed from a total of 6 axial slices, 2 adjacent slices each at the level of L2-L3, L3-L4, and L4-L5 intervertebral disc spaces, was available on 1,616 (24%) and 1,917 (28%) of 6,785 participants, respectively, on abdominal computed tomography scans performed at 2.7 ± 0.9 years from the baseline examination. Number of participants with available data in each subgroup is shown in parentheses.
Vigorous physical activity was considered as present if a participant reported heavy intensity exercise such as high impact aerobics, fast bicycling, running, jogging, fast swimming, health club machine use, judo, kickboxing, and karate every week.
Mild-to-moderate alcohol consumption was defined as up to 1 drink per day in women and up to 2 drinks per day in men; heavy consumption was defined as >1 drink per day in women and >2 drinks per day in men.
Hypertension was defined as history of treated hypertension or untreated systolic blood pressure of ≥140 mm Hg or untreated diastolic blood pressure of ≥90 mm Hg.
Diabetes mellitus was defined as treatment with insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents or fasting glucose of ≥126 mg/dl.
Dyslipidemia was defined as current lipid-lowering therapy or abnormal fasting lipid profile (total cholesterol of ≥240 mg/dl, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol of ≥160 mg/dl, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol of <40 mg/dl, or triglycerides of ≥200 mg/dl).
Log-NT-proBNP = logarithm-transformed N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide; PFV = pericardial fat volume.