TABLE 3.
PFV and the Risk of HF Subtypes in Sex-Stratified Cox Proportional Hazards Regression Models
| No. of Events/ No. at Risk (%) |
Follow-up,
Py (Rate/10,000 Py) |
HR (95% CI), p Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age-Adjusted | Partially-Adjusted* | Fully-Adjusted† | |||
| Model 1. HFpEF (LVEF ≥50%) | |||||
| A. PFV as a continuous variable (per 1-SD increment)‡ | 167/6,756 (2.5%) | 90,686 (18.4) | 1.54 (1.37-1.73), <0.001 | 1.52 (1.35-1.72), <0.001 | 1.42 (1.25-1.62), <0.001 |
| B. PFV as a categorical variable | |||||
| Normal PFV | 71/4,598 (1.5%) | 63,176 (11.2) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
| High PFV§ | 96/2,158 (4.4%) | 27,510 (34.9) | 2.57 (1.87-3.53), <0.001 | 2.55 (1.85-3.53), <0.001 | 2.32 (1.66-3.23), <0.001 |
| Model 2. HFrEF (LVEF ≤40%) | |||||
| A. PFV as a continuous variable (per 1-SD increment)‡ | 151/6,756 (2.2%) | 90,686 (16.7) | 1.13 (0.97-1.30), 0.11 | 1.15 (1.00-1.33), 0.06 | 1.04 (0.89-1.21), 0.65 |
| B. PFV as a categorical variable | |||||
| Normal PFV | 96/4,598 (2.1%) | 63,176 (15.2) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
| High PFV§ | 55/2,158 (2.5%) | 27,510 (20.0) | 1.33 (0.95-1.87), 0.10 | 1.40 (0.99-1.99), 0.06 | 1.20 (0.84-1.73), 0.31 |
| Model 3. HFmrEF (LVEF >40% and <50%) | |||||
| A. PFV as a continuous variable (per 1-SD increment)‡ | 38/6,756 (0.6%) | 90,686 (4.2) | 1.41 (1.11-1.81), 0.006 | 1.44 (1.12-1.85), 0.004 | 1.25 (0.95-1.65), 0.11 |
| B. PFV as a categorical variable | |||||
| Normal PFV | 18/4,598 (0.4%) | 63,176 (2.8) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
| High PFV§ | 20/2,158 (0.9%) | 27,510 (7.3) | 2.51 (1.30-4.84), 0.006 | 2.68 (1.37-5.27), 0.004 | 2.05 (1.02-4.11), 0.04 |
| Model 4. HFuEF | |||||
| A. PFV as a continuous variable (per 1-SD increment)‡ | 27/6,756 (0.4%) | 90,686 (3.0) | 1.35 (0.99-1.84), 0.06 | 1.23 (0.89-1.70), 0.21 | 1.09 (0.77-1.56), 0.62 |
| B. PFV as a categorical variable | |||||
| Normal PFV | 11/4,598 (0.2%) | 63,176 (1.7) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
| High PFV§ | 16/2,158 (0.7%) | 27,510 (5.8) | 2.91 (1.31-6.45), 0.009 | 2.66 (1.17-6.03), 0.02 | 2.36 (1.01-5.52), 0.05 |
Adjusted for age (for every 1-year increase), race (White [referent], Black, Hispanic, Chinese), cigarette smoking (no [referent], past, current), alcohol consumption (no or past [referent], mild-to-moderate, heavy), and vigorous physical activity at baseline. Excluded 51 participants (31 women and 20 men) comprising 0.8% of 6,756 participants (1 HF event) because of missing information on covariates in the model.
Adjusted for all the above-mentioned covariates and presence or absence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia at the baseline examination and interim myocardial infarction as a time-dependent variable during follow-up. Excluded 78 participants (46 women and 32 men) comprising 1.2% of 6,756 participants (1 HF event) because of missing information on covariates in the model.
1 SD = 42 cm3.
High PFV value was ≥70 cm3 in women and ≥120 cm3 in men.
HFmrEF = heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction; HFpEF = heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF = heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HFuEF = heart failure with unknown ejection fraction; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; other abbreviations as in Tables 1 and 2.