Table 2.
Comparison of PCAT scores by participants' characteristics.
| Variable | Group | First contact (utilization) | First contact (accessibility) | Ongoing care | Coordination (referral system) | Coordination (information system) | Comprehensiveness (available) | Comprehensiveness (provided) | Family centeredness | Community orientation | Culturally competent | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | ||
| Socio-demographic characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Gender | Male | 3.51 (0.54) | 2.92 (0.48) | 3.16 (0.41) | 3.23 (0.56) | 2.77 (0.36) | 3.19 (0.57) | 3.26 (0.54) | 3.27 (0.63) | 3.10 (0.60) | 3.15 (0.64) | 30.85 (3.33) |
| Female | 3.51 (0.57) | 2.87 (0.47) | 3.17 (0.42) | 3.22 (0.60) | 2.74 (0.39) | 3.21 (0.57) | 3.26 (0.53) | 3.27 (0.64) | 3.12 (0.61) | 3.18 (0.63) | 30.83 (3.28) | |
| Age (year) | ≤ 60 | 3.53 (0.54) | 2.92 (0.44) | 3.22 (0.39)*** | 3.19 (0.56) | 2.80 (0.34)* | 3.28 (0.56)*** | 3.34 (0.49)*** | 3.36 (0.58)*** | 3.21 (0.59)*** | 3.23 (0.62)* | 31.45 (3.20)*** |
| 61–70 | 3.5 (0.56) | 2.90 (0.5) | 3.14 (0.43) | 3.17 (0.61) | 2.75 (0.39) | 3.19 (0.58) | 3.23 (0.54) | 3.24 (0.67) | 3.07 (0.63) | 3.15 (0.65) | 30.68 (3.38) | |
| ≥71 | 3.51 (0.56) | 2.86 (0.47) | 3.16 (0.39) | 3.31 (0.54)*** | 2.74 (0.39) | 3.15 (0.56) | 3.24 (0.55) | 3.26 (0.60) | 3.11 (0.57) | 3.15 (0.62) | 30.68 (3.21) | |
| Marital status | Married | 3.51 (0.56) | 2.89 (0.48) | 3.16 (0.41) | 3.22 (0.58) | 2.76 (0.38) | 3.20 (0.57) | 3.26 (0.54) | 3.27 (0.64) | 3.11 (0.60) | 3.17 (0.64) | 30.85 (3.30) |
| Unmarried | 3.42 (0.64) | 2.77 (0.71) | 3.17 (0.36) | 3.45 (0.34) | 2.69 (0.44) | 3.06 (0.73) | 3.19 (0.58) | 3.34 (0.46) | 3.04 (0.71) | 3.23 (0.58) | 30.38 (3.68) | |
| Employment status | Employed | 3.54 (0.49) | 3.00 (0.47)*** | 3.14 (0.40) | 3.24 (0.50) | 2.74 (0.39) | 3.17 (0.54) | 3.23 (0.54) | 3.24 (0.56) | 3.14 (0.54)* | 3.05 (0.65) | 30.72 (3.17) |
| Unemployed/ retired | 3.50 (0.59) | 2.83 (0.47) | 3.18 (0.42)* | 3.21 (0.62) | 2.77 (0.37) | 3.22 (0.59)* | 3.27 (0.53)* | 3.29 (0.67) | 3.09 (0.63) | 3.23 (0.62)*** | 30.91 (3.37) | |
| Education | Primary school or below | 3.62 (0.52)*** | 2.99 (0.43)*** | 3.17 (0.46) | 3.25 (0.52) | 2.72 (0.40) | 3.29 (0.51)*** | 3.30 (0.54) | 3.23 (0.68) | 3.16 (0.60) | 3.20 (0.68) | 31.17 (3.51) |
| Junior school | 3.45 (0.56) | 2.88 (0.49) | 3.17 (0.37) | 3.20 (0.56) | 2.77 (0.36) | 3.18 (0.60) | 3.21 (0.54) | 3.29 (0.58) | 3.08 (0.58) | 3.11 (0.58) | 30.67 (3.05) | |
| Senior high school | 3.41 (0.58) | 2.73 (0.47) | 3.10 (0.40) | 3.15 (0.69) | 2.78 (0.37) | 3.05 (0.63) | 3.22 (0.51) | 3.24 (0.63) | 3.01 (0.62) | 3.18 (0.63) | 30.25 (3.17) | |
| College or above | 3.51 (0.61) | 2.82 (0.55) | 3.28 (0.37)*** | 3.41 (0.54)* | 2.80 (0.32)*** | 3.21 (0.49) | 3.39 (0.51)*** | 3.40 (0.66)*** | 3.24 (0.60) | 3.24 (0.69) | 31.40 (3.41)*** | |
| Average monthly household income (RMB) | ≤ 3,000 | 3.56 (0.55)*** | 3.00 (0.46)* | 3.13 (0.48) | 3.29 (0.50) | 2.78 (0.37) | 3.23 (0.57) | 3.26 (0.56) | 3.21 (0.67) | 3.16 (0.60) | 3.08 (0.66) | 30.91 (3.61) |
| 3,001–4,000 | 3.44 (0.57) | 2.86 (0.46) | 3.23 (0.34)* | 3.41 (0.45)*** | 2.82 (0.32)*** | 3.30 (0.48)*** | 3.33 (0.50) | 3.42 (0.50)*** | 3.20 (0.50)*** | 3.22 (0.56) | 31.37 (2.91)*** | |
| 4,001–6,000 | 3.53 (0.55) | 2.80 (0.49) | 3.21 (0.39) | 3.30 (0.53) | 2.73 (0.39) | 3.26 (0.52) | 3.33 (0.54)*** | 3.36 (0.65) | 3.19 (0.60) | 3.21 (0.65) | 31.15 (3.46) | |
| ≥ 6,000 | 3.49 (0.54) | 2.88 (0.51) | 3.20 (0.38) | 3.06 (0.66) | 2.69 (0.43) | 3.11 (0.63) | 3.21 (0.48) | 3.10 (0.66) | 3.00 (0.62) | 3.23 (0.68)*** | 30.32 (2.78) | |
| Not sure | 3.49 (0.58) | 2.78 (0.44) | 3.01 (0.35) | 2.89 (0.70) | 2.70 (0.42) | 2.88 (0.67) | 3.02 (0.50) | 3.18 (0.62) | 2.75 (0.64) | 3.20 (0.62) | 29.52 (2.81) | |
| Medical insurance | No | 3.38 (0.49) | 2.89 (0.46) | 3.07 (0.35) | 3.22 (0.50) | 2.77 (0.32) | 3.18 (0.51) | 3.16 (0.56) | 3.25 (0.53) | 3.09 (0.54) | 3.03 (0.52) | 30.32 (2.76) |
| Yes | 3.54 (0.57)*** | 2.89 (0.48) | 3.18 (0.42)*** | 3.22 (0.60) | 2.76 (0.39) | 3.20 (0.59) | 3.28 (0.53)*** | 3.27 (0.65) | 3.12 (0.61) | 3.20 (0.66)*** | 30.95 (3.40)*** | |
| District | Urban | 3.34 (0.62) | 2.57 (0.44) | 3.13 (0.39) | 3.07 (0.72) | 2.82 (0.35)*** | 2.97 (0.67) | 3.15 (0.56) | 3.35 (0.62) | 2.96 (0.64) | 3.14 (0.61) | 29.98 (3.21) |
| Suburb | 3.68 (0.43)*** | 3.06 (0.34)*** | 3.31 (0.31)*** | 3.32 (0.49)*** | 2.68 (0.41) | 3.45 (0.36)*** | 3.45 (0.41)*** | 3.36 (0.59)*** | 3.26 (0.52)*** | 3.37 (0.63)*** | 32.12 (2.66)*** | |
| Rural | 3.5 (0.56) | 3.02 (0.48) | 3.05 (0.48) | 3.25 (0.51) | 2.78 (0.36) | 3.17 (0.55) | 3.17 (0.57) | 3.11 (0.66) | 3.1 (0.61) | 2.99 (0.61) | 30.36 (3.57) | |
| Health service utilization | ||||||||||||
| Frequency of seeking health service in CHC | More than once per month | 3.51 (0.57) | 2.87 (0.48) | 3.18 (0.42)* | 3.23 (0.56) | 2.76 (0.37) | 3.19 (0.60) | 3.26 (0.54) | 3.28 (0.64) | 3.09 (0.61) | 3.21 (0.64)*** | 30.87 (3.35) |
| Every 1–3 months | 3.50 (0.56) | 2.93 (0.51) | 3.12 (0.40) | 3.16 (0.65) | 2.73 (0.39) | 3.24 (0.50) | 3.25 (0.52) | 3.21 (0.67) | 3.15 (0.61) | 3.05 (0.64) | 30.65 (3.42) | |
| More than every 3e months | 3.50 (0.49) | 2.96 (0.46)* | 3.11 (0.37) | 3.28 (0.61) | 2.80 (0.39) | 3.24 (0.51) | 3.24 (0.53) | 3.25 (0.58) | 3.17 (0.55) | 3.01 (0.61) | 30.81 (3.04) | |
| Not sure | 3.57 (0.52) | 2.95 (0.41) | 3.12 (0.40) | 3.14 (0.62) | 2.79 (0.36) | 3.17 (0.50) | 3.28 (0.48) | 3.34 (0.51) | 3.13 (0.53) | 3.13 (0.63) | 31.01 (2.71) | |
| Times of | ≤ 10 | 3.55 (0.52) | 3.00 (0.45)*** | 3.13 (0.39) | 3.30 (0.51)* | 2.78 (0.39) | 3.30 (0.47)*** | 3.31 (0.51) | 3.25 (0.61) | 3.21 (0.56) | 3.11 (0.62) | 3.16 (0.11) |
| outpatient visiting | 10–14 | 3.60 (0.49) | 2.98 (0.43) | 3.24 (0.38) | 3.22 (0.62) | 2.75 (0.38) | 3.21 (0.66) | 3.32 (0.52) | 3.37 (0.60) | 3.15 (0.60) | 3.23 (0.66) | 3.15 (0.13) |
| in the previous | 15–20 | 3.61 (0.52)*** | 2.84 (0.42) | 3.30 (0.40)*** | 3.12 (0.72) | 2.81 (0.32)*** | 3.26 (0.60) | 3.43 (0.56)*** | 3.45 (0.59)*** | 3.24 (0.63)*** | 3.44 (0.60)*** | 3.40 (0.19)*** |
| year | >20 | 3.33 (0.64) | 2.69 (0.52) | 3.06 (0.45) | 3.19 (0.54) | 2.72 (0.39) | 3.03 (0.55) | 3.05 (0.52) | 3.10 (0.68) | 2.89 (0.57) | 3.04 (0.61) | 3.11 (0.12) |
| Times of | 0 | 3.51 (0.56) | 2.90 (0.48) | 3.16 (0.42) | 3.23 (0.58) | 2.76 (0.37) | 3.21 (0.58)* | 3.27 (0.54)* | 3.28 (0.64)* | 3.12 (0.61)* | 3.18 (0.64)*** | 30.91 (3.36) |
| hospitalization in | 1 | 3.53 (0.54) | 2.81 (0.47) | 3.13 (0.37) | 3.20 (0.59) | 2.75 (0.41) | 3.11 (0.54) | 3.15 (0.55) | 3.17 (0.56) | 3.01 (0.54) | 3.07 (0.62) | 30.20 (2.96) |
| the previous year | ≥2 | 3.57 (0.49)** | 2.99 (0.47) | 3.23 (0.36) | 3.28 (0.54) | 2.71 (0.40) | 3.21 (0.52) | 3.23 (0.52) | 3.22 (0.60) | 3.10 (0.56) | 2.99 (0.70) | 30.71 (2.77) |
| Self-perceived | Fair/poor | 3.47 (0.59) | 2.86 (0.50) | 3.12 (0.44) | 3.27 (0.54)*** | 2.75 (0.38) | 3.19 (0.56) | 3.22 (0.55) | 3.20 (0.65) | 3.08 (0.58) | 3.06 (0.62) | 30.47 (3.32) |
| health status | Good/very good | 3.57 (0.51)*** | 2.93 (0.44)*** | 3.22 (0.38)*** | 3.13 (0.63) | 2.76 (0.38) | 3.20 (0.59) | 3.30 (0.52)*** | 3.36 (0.60)*** | 3.15 (0.62)*** | 3.31 (0.64)*** | 31.34 (3.21)*** |
| Physical or mental | Yes | 3.47 (0.62) | 3.01 (0.47)*** | 3.21 (0.38)*** | 3.36 (0.51)*** | 2.75 (0.39) | 3.38 (0.45)*** | 3.31 (0.50)*** | 3.23 (0.60) | 3.19 (0.51)*** | 3.14 (0.63) | 31.16 (3.02)*** |
| disease lasting | No | 3.52 (0.55) | 2.87 (0.47) | 3.16 (0.43) | 3.14 (0.61) | 2.77 (0.37)*** | 3.16 (0.59) | 3.25 (0.55) | 3.30 (0.66)*** | 3.10 (0.63) | 3.20 (0.63)*** | 30.87 (3.42) |
| over 1 year | Not sure | 3.57 (0.45) | 2.74 (0.54) | 3.03 (0.36) | 3.33 (0.52) | 2.67 (0.37) | 3.02 (0.57) | 3.13 (0.49) | 3.11 (0.44) | 3.01 (0.51) | 2.92 (0.65) | 29.64 (2.71) |
| Multimorbidity | Without | 3.48 (0.56) | 2.86 (0.47) | 3.14 (0.43) | 3.18 (0.60) | 2.79 (0.35) | 3.18 (0.59) | 3.25 (0.54) | 3.30 (0.64) | 3.11 (0.61) | 3.17 (0.63) | 30.80 (3.31) |
| With | 3.54 (0.55)** | 2.93 (0.49)*** | 3.20 (0.39)*** | 3.25 (0.56) | 2.72 (0.41)*** | 3.22 (0.55) | 3.27 (0.53) | 3.23 (0.63)** | 3.12 (0.60) | 3.17 (0.65) | 30.89 (3.30) | |
| Total | 3.51 (0.56) | 2.89 (0.48) | 3.16 (0.41) | 3.22 (0.58) | 2.76 (0.38) | 3.20 (0.57) | 3.26 (0.54) | 3.27 (0.63) | 3.11 (0.60) | 3.17 (0.64) | 30.84 (3.30) | |
*
P <0.05;
**
P <0.01;
***
P <0.001.