TABLE 1.

Characteristics of studies included in the systematic review^a

Author (yr)	Location	Pathogen	No. of results	Setting	Age range	Self-swab site	HCW swab site	Test	QUADAS score
Altamirano (2020)	California, USA	SARS-CoV-2	30	Clinic	≥18 yrs	Nasal and pharyngeal	Nasal and pharyngeal	RT-PCR	12
Kojima (2020)	California, USA	SARS-CoV-2	45	Home	≥18 yrs	Nasal and oral fluid (supervised, unsupervised)	NP	RT-qPCR	12
Wehrhahn (2020)	Australia	SARS-CoV-2	236	Testing facility	7–81 yrs	Nasal and pharyngeal	Nasal, pharyngeal and NP	RT-PCR	12
Yuan-Po Tu (2020)	Washington, USA	SARS-CoV-2	530	Outpatient clinic	Not stated	Tongue, nasal, midturbinate	NP	RT-PCR	11
Fragoso (1989)	New Jersey, USA	Group A Streptococcus	98	Clinic	4–17 yrs	Pharyngeal	Pharyngeal	Culture	8
Katz (1974)	Maryland, USA	Group A Streptococcus	137	Clinic	“Children”	Pharyngeal	Pharyngeal	Culture	8
Murray (2015)	Minnesota, USA	Group A Streptococcus	402	Clinic	≥3 yrs	Pharyngeal	Pharyngeal	RT-PCR	12
Dhiman (2012)	Minnesota, USA	Influenza A and B	72	Emergency room	18–92 yrs	Nasal (midturbinate)	Nasal (midturbinate)	RT-PCR	12
Esposito (2010)	Italy	Influenza A and B	203	Emergency room	6 mo to 5 yrs	Nasal (midturbinate)	Nasal (midturbinate)	RT-PCR	11
Granados (2017)	Ontario, Canada	Influenza A and B	459	Home	Children and adults	Nasal (midturbinate)	Nasal (midturbinate)	RT-PCR	11
Goyal (2017)	Thailand	Influenza A and B	127	Clinic	≥65 yrs	Nasal	NP and nasal	RT-PCR	11
Ip (2012)	Hong Kong	Influenza A and B	196	Home and clinic	Children and adults	Nasal and pharyngeal	Nasal and pharyngeal	RT-PCR	10
Barbee (2020)	Washington, USA	C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae	258	Clinic	Not stated	Pharyngeal	Pharyngeal	Culture	12
Dangerfield (2019)	Maryland, USA	C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae	79	Clinic	≥18 yrs	Pharyngeal	Pharyngeal	NAAT	12
Freeman (2011)	California, USA	C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae	480	Clinic	Adults	Pharyngeal	Pharyngeal	NAAT	10
Akmatov (2012)	Germany	Respiratory pathogens	82	Research institute	18–69 yrs	Nasal (anterior nares)	Nasal	Multiplex PCR	10
Larios (2011)	Ontario, Canada	Respiratory pathogens	60	Not stated	23–59 yrs	Nasal (midturbinate)	NP	RT-PCR	10
Vargas (2016)	New York, USA	Respiratory pathogens	30	Home	Children and adults	Nasal	Nasal	Multiplex RT-PCR	12
Lautenbach (2009)	Pennsylvania, USA	Staphylococcus aureus	56	Hospital (inpatients)	Children and adults	Nasal and pharyngeal	Nasal and pharyngeal	Culture	10
van Cleef (2012)	Netherlands	Staphylococcus aureus	105	Hospital (staff)	Adults	Nasal and pharyngeal	Nasal and pharyngeal	Culture	11

^aHCW, health care worker; NAAT, nucleic acid amplification test; NP, nasopharyngeal; RT-PCR, reverse transcription PCR; qPCR, quantitative PCR; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2; QUADAS, evidence-based tool for Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies.