TABLE 2.
Cohen’s kappa values for studies included in the meta-analysisa
| Author | Pathogen(s) | Self-swab site | HCW swab site | No. of self+/HCW− results | No. of self−/HCW+ results | Cohen's kappa value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dhiman | Influenza A and B | Midturbinate | Midturbinate | 1 | 2 | 0.881 |
| Esposito | Influenza A and B | Midturbinate | Midturbinate | 4 | 3 | 0.8571 |
| Goyal | Influenza A and B | Anterior nares | Anterior nares | 0 | 1 | 0.9292 |
| Goyal | Influenza A and B | Anterior nares | NP | 0 | 2 | 0.8667 |
| Fragoso | Group A Streptococcus | Pharyngeal | Pharyngeal | 0 | 25 | 0.4713 |
| Katz | Group A Streptococcus | Pharyngeal | Pharyngeal | 0 | 1 | 0.9802 |
| Murray | Group A Streptococcus | Pharyngeal | Pharyngeal | 14 | 10 | 0.8667 |
| Kojima | SARS-CoV-2 | Nasal | NP | 4 | 2 | 0.7214 |
| Kojima | SARS-CoV-2 | UOF | NP | 4 | 8 | 0.4579 |
| Kojima | SARS-CoV-2 | SOF | NP | 6 | 3 | 0.5986 |
| Wehrhahn | SARS-CoV-2 (center 1) | Nasal and throat | Nasal and throat | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Wehrhahn | SARS-CoV-2 (center 2) | Nasal and throat | NP and throat | 1 | 0 | 0.9565 |
| Yuan-Po Tu | SARS-CoV-2 | Tongue | NP | 2 | 5 | 0.9186 |
| Yuan-Po Tu | SARS-CoV-2 | Nasal | NP | 1 | 3 | 0.9547 |
| Yuan-Po Tu | SARS-CoV-2 | Midturbinate | NP | 0 | 2 | 0.9782 |
| Dangerfield | C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae | Pharyngeal | Pharyngeal | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Freeman | C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae | Pharyngeal | Pharyngeal | 15 | 4 | 0.7599 |
| Akmatov | Respiratory pathogens | Nasal | Nasal | 4 | 1 | 0.8487 |
| Larios | Respiratory pathogens | Midturbinate | NP | 4 | 3 | 0.7935 |
| Vargas | Respiratory pathogens | Nasal | Nasal | 0 | 3 | 0.7914 |
| van Cleef | Staphylococcus aureus | Nasal | Nasal | 6 | 1 | 0.847 |
| van Cleef | Staphylococcus aureus | Pharyngeal | Pharyngeal | 13 | 5 | 0.5982 |
a
SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; NP, nasopharyngeal; self+/HCW−, positive test by self-swab with negative test by HCW swab; self−/HCW+, negative test by self-swab with positive test by HCW swab; UOF, unsupervised oral fluid; SOF, supervised oral fluid.