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. 2021 Mar 10;12:24. doi: 10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_108_20

Supplementary Table 1.

Quality assessment using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for Cross-sectional studies*

Study Selection Comparability
Comparability of Outcome groups on the Basis of design or analysis
Outcome Study score


Representativeness of The exposed sample Sample size Ascertainment of exposure Selection of the non-exposed sample Assessment of outcome Suitability of statistical test
Ghorabi et al., 2019 * - * * ** * * 7/7
Joyce et al., 2019 * * * * ** * * 7/7
kang et al., 2018 * * * * ** * * 7/7
Drehmer et al., 2017 * * * * ** * * 7/7
Park et al., 2016 * * * * ** * * 7/7
Saneei et al., 2015 - - * * ** * * 6/7

*We used a modified NOS scale for cross sectional studies. Note: A score of 7 was considered as good quality