Table 2.
Patient demographic, clinical, and hemodynamic characteristics for the primary and validation cohorts stratified by pulmonary vascular resistance.
| Characteristic | Primary Cohort | Validation Cohort | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mPAP≥19 mmHg | mPAP≥19 mmHg | |||||
| PVR<2.2 WU (N=16,945) | PVR ≥2.2 WU (N=15,780) | P Value | PVR<2.2 WU (N=1,047) | PVR ≥2.2 WU (N=1,589) | P Value | |
| Age | 66.2 [61.0–72.6] | 67.1 [61.6–74.9] | <0.0001 | 61.3 [51.7–69.1] | 60.1 [49.0–69.6] | 0.07 |
| Male | 16,464 (97.2) | 15,181 (96.2) | <0.0001 | 623 (59.5) | 677 (42.6) | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.2 [27.1–36.1] | 28.9 [25.2–33.7] | <0.0001 | 30.7 [26.5–36.2] | 28.6 [24.4–33.4] | <0.0001 |
| Race | <0.0001 | 0.0006 | ||||
| White | 13,892 (82.0) | 11,918 (75.5) | 888 (84.8) | 1,269 (79.9) | ||
| Black | 2,737 (16.2) | 3,526 (22.3) | 114 (10.9) | 258 (16.2) | ||
| Other | 316 (1.9) | 336 (2.1) | 45 (4.3) | 62 (3.9) | ||
| Clinical Comorbidities | ||||||
| Systemic hypertension | 15,189 (89.6) | 14,163 (89.8) | 0.73 | 891 (85.1) | 1,258 (79.2) | 0.0001 |
| Coronary heart disease | 9,493 (56.0) | 9,002 (58.3) | <0.0001 | 76.9 (80.5) | 1,074 (67.6) | <0.0001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 9,427 (55.6) | 11,233 (71.2) | <0.0001 | 490 (46.8) | 899 (56.6) | <0.0001 |
| Atrial arrythmia | 4,756 (28.1) | 5,496 (34.8) | <0.0001 | 327 (31.2) | 473 (29.8) | 0.42 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 8,652 (51.1) | 7,881 (49.9) | 0.0436 | 421 (40.2) | 606 (38.1) | 0.29 |
| COPD | 5,166 (30.5) | 6,560 (41.6) | <0.0001 | 131 (12.5) | 221 (13.9) | 0.30 |
| Interstitial lung disease | 80 (0.5) | 133 (0.8) | <0.0001 | 33 (3.2) | 122 (7.7) | <0.0001 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 2,583 (15.2) | 2,125 (13.5) | <0.0001 | 149 (14.2) | 168 (10.6) | 0.0047 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 5,295 (31.2) | 5,651 (35.8) | <0.0001 | 81 (7.9) | 108 (10.8) | 0.340 |
| Connect tissue disease | 496 (2.9) | 526 (3.3) | 0.0348 | 19 (1.8) | 93 (5.9) | <0.0001 |
| Cardiopulmonary hemodynamics | ||||||
| mPAP (mmHg) | 26 [22–32] | 35 [28–43] | <0.0001 | 26 [21–31] | 37 [29–46] | <0.0001 |
| PASP (mmHg) | 39 [34–47] | 53 [42–65] | <0.0001 | 37 [32–45] | 56 [43–73] | <0.0001 |
| PADP (mmHg) | 18 [14–22] | 23 [18–30] | <0.0001 | 17 [14–21] | 24 [18–31] | <0.0001 |
| PAWP (mmHg) | 18 [14–24] | 18 [12–25] | <0.0001 | 17 [13–22] | 16 [10–22] | <0.0001 |
| TPG (mmHg) | 8 [6–10] | 15 [12–20] | <0.0001 | 9 [7–11] | 18 [13–28] | <0.0001 |
| CO (Td) (L/min) | 5.7 [4.8–6.9] | 4.5 [3.7–5.4] | <0.0001 | 5.7 [4.7–6.9] | 4.4 [3.7–5.3] | <0.0001 |
| CO (eFick) (L/min) | 5.6 [4.7–6.6] | 4.5 [3.7–5.4] | <0.0001 | 6.2 [5.1–7.4] | 4.7 [3.9–5.8] | <0.0001 |
| PVR (WU) | 1.5 [1.1–1.8] | 3.3 [2.6–4.5] | <0.0001 | 1.5 [1.1–1.9] | 3.9 [2.8–6.2] | <0.001 |
| Sbp (mmHg) | 131 [122–141] | 130 [119–140] | <0.0001 | 124 [109–143] | 125 [110–143] | 0.99 |
| Dbp (mmHg) | 73 [67–80] | 73 [67–80] | 0.60 | 70 [61–78] | 72 [63–82] | <0.0001 |
| Hgb (g/dL) | 13.1 [11.6–14.4] | 13.1 [11.5–14.5] | 0.07 | 13.0 [11.4–14.2] | 12.9 [11.5–14.3] | 0.25 |
Data for patients with mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) ≥19 mmHg stratified by PVR from the primary cohort (VA-CART) and validation cohort (Vanderbilt University Medical Center) (VUMC) (1998–2014) are presented. BMI, body mass index; CAD, coronary artery disease; TIA, transient ischemia attack; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; mPAP, mean pulmonary artery pressure; PASP, pulmonary artery systolic pressure; PADP, pulmonary artery diastolic pressure; PAWP, pulmonary artery wedge pressure; TPG, transpulmonary gradient; CO, cardiac output; Td, thermodilution; eFick, estimated Fick; Sbp, systolic blood pressure; Dbp, diastolic blood pressure; WU, Wood unit; Hgb, hemoglobin. For the VA-CART database, the entry coronary heart disease includes composite of either myocardial infarction, prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery, or a diagnosis of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. For the VUMC database, coronary heart disease includes a diagnosis of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. Categorical data are expressed as N (%), and continuous data are expressed as median [IQR]. The number of missing values for VA-CART: hemodynamic variables: Sbp (N=826), Dbp (N=826), CO by eFick (N=4,281), CO by Td (N=12,925). The PVR was unavailable for N=234 VUMC patients who were excluded from this table.