Table 2.
Descriptive statistics for effect-sizes
| ID | Author(s), year | Outcome | Sample size N | Narrative M (SD) | Expository M (SD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Panico & Healey, 2009 | Memory | 15 | 0.55 (0.08) | 0.47 (0.10) |
| 2 | Panico & Healey, 2009 | Memory | 15 | 0.86 (0.11) | 0.64 (0.13) |
| 3 | Panico & Healey, 2009 | Comprehension | 15 | 0.88 (0.11) | 0.78 (0.13) |
| 4 | Carnine & Kinder, 1985 | Comprehension | 14 | 0.49 (0.21) | 0.41 (0.23) |
| 5 | Carnine & Kinder, 1985 | Comprehension | 13 | 0.53 (0.18) | 0.36 (0.24) |
| 6 | Luszcz, 1993a | Memory | 120 | 0.34 (0.12) | 0.18 (0.10) |
| 7 | Tun, 1989 | Memory | 20 | 0.51 (0.11) | 0.41 (0.13) |
| 8 | Tun, 1989 | Memory | 20 | 0.62 (0.11) | 0.44 (0.14) |
| 9 | Tun, 1989 | Memory | 20 | 0.45 (0.12) | 0.38 (0.14) |
| 10 | Tun, 1989 | Comprehension | 20 | 0.92 (0.05) | 0.88 (0.80) |
| 11 | Tun, 1989 | Memory | 20 | 0.31 (0.09) | 0.19 (0.09) |
| 12 | Tun, 1989 | Memory | 20 | 0.41 (0.11) | 0.23 (0.11) |
| 13 | Tun, 1989 | Memory | 20 | 0.26 (0.09) | 0.16 (0.10) |
| 14 | Tun, 1989 | Comprehension | 20 | 0.93 (0.07) | 0.75 (0.09) |
| 15 | Waddill, McDaniel, & Einstein, 1988 | Memory | 24 | 0.42 (0.23) | 0.12 (0.14) |
| 16 | Waddill et al., 1988 | Memory | 24 | 0.38 (0.15) | 0.21 (0.16) |
| 17 | Waddill et al., 1988 | Memory | 24 | 0.34 (0.09) | 0.13 (0.15) |
| 18 | Waddill et al., 1988 | Memory | 24 | 0.62 (0.26) | 0.42 (0.17) |
| 19 | Waddill et al., 1988 | Memory | 24 | 0.26 (0.16) | 0.21 (0.15) |
| 20 | Best et al., 2008 | Memory | 61 | 0.10 (0.07) | 0.04 (0.03) |
| 21 | Best et al., 2008 | Memory | 61 | 0.15 (0.10) | 0.07 (0.03) |
| 22 | Best et al., 2008 | Comprehension | 61 | 0.72 (0.17) | 0.49 (0.15) |
| 23 | Weaver & Bryant, 1995 | Comprehension | 98 | 0.65 (0.14) | 0.45 (0.21) |
| 24 | Weaver & Bryant, 1995 | Comprehension | 98 | 0.64 (0.21) | 0.39 (0.21) |
| 25 | Sadoski, Goetz, & Rodriguez, 2000 | Memory | 80 | 0.24 (0.16) | 0.20 (0.17) |
| 26 | Sadoski et al., 2000 | Memory | 80 | 0.34 (0.14) | 0.23 (0.17) |
| 27 | Sadoski et al., 2000 | Memory | 80 | 0.29 (0.19) | 0.25 (0.16) |
| 28 | Sadoski et al., 2000 | Memory | 80 | 0.37 (0.17) | 0.33 (0.19) |
| 29 | Sadoski et al., 2000 | Memory | 80 | 0.24 (0.16) | 0.15 (0.12) |
| 30 | Sadoski et al., 2000 | Memory | 80 | 0.34 (0.14) | 0.19 (0.13) |
| 31 | Sadoski et al., 2000 | Memory | 80 | 0.29 (0.19) | 0.33 (0.15) |
| 32 | Sadoski et al., 2000 | Memory | 80 | 0.37 (0.17) | 0.33 (0.13) |
| 33 | Margolin, Driscoll, Toland, & Kegler, 2013 | Comprehension | 30 | 0.74 (0.12) | 0.80 (0.12) |
| 34 | Margolin et al., 2013 | Comprehension | 30 | 0.76 (0.14) | 0.79 (0.13) |
| 35 | Margolin et al., 2013 | Comprehension | 30 | 0.73 (0.15) | 0.75 (0.14) |
| 36 | Wolfe, 2005 | Memory | 144 | 0.38 (0.10) | 0.24 (0.06) |
| 37 | Diakidoy, Stylianou, Karefillidou, & Papageorgiou, 2005 | Comprehension | 125 | 0.60 (0.19) | 0.59 (0.16) |
| 38 | Diakidoy et al., 2005 | Comprehension | 132 | 0.75 (0.18) | 0.64 (0.16) |
| 39 | Diakidoy et al., 2005 | Comprehension | 142 | 0.80 (0.17) | 0.68 (0.17) |
| 40 | Diakidoy et al., 2005 | Comprehension | 163 | 0.78 (0.16) | 0.73 (0.16) |
| 41 | Diakidoy et al., 2005 | Comprehension | 125 | 0.69 (0.17) | 0.61 (0.17) |
| 42 | Diakidoy et al., 2005 | Comprehension | 132 | 0.74 (0.18) | 0.62 (0.15) |
| 43 | Diakidoy et al., 2005 | Comprehension | 142 | 0.82 (0.17) | 0.67 (0.18) |
| 44 | Diakidoy et al., 2005 | Comprehension | 163 | 0.73 (0.17) | 0.70 (0.15) |
| 45 | Diakidoy, 2014 | Comprehension | 90 | 0.60 (0.21) | 0.67 (0.18) |
| 46 | Diakidoy, 2014 | Comprehension | 90 | 0.66 (0.18) | 0.68 (0.17) |
| 47 | Olson, 1985 | Comprehension | 27 | 0.35 (0.08) | 0.22 (0.12) |
| 48 | Olson, 1985 | Comprehension | 27 | 0.36 (0.05) | 0.24 (0.08) |
| 49 | Olson, 1985 | Comprehension | 27 | 0.34 (0.07) | 0.23 (0.09) |
| 50 | Olson, 1985 | Comprehension | 26 | 0.29 (0.10) | 0.15 (0.15) |
| 51 | Olson, 1985 | Comprehension | 26 | 0.30 (0.09) | 0.16 (0.07) |
| 52 | Olson, 1985 | Comprehension | 26 | 0.26 (2.05) | 0.16 (0.09) |
| 53 | Wolfe & Mienko, 2007 | Memory | 90 | 0.34 (0.11) | 0.31 (0.11) |
| 54 | Wolfe & Mienko, 2007 | Memory | 90 | 0.34 (0.11) | 0.30 (0.10) |
| 55 | Wolfe & Mienko, 2007 | Comprehension | 90 | 0.17 (0.16) | 0.20 (0.17) |
| 56 | Wolfe & Mienko, 2007 | Comprehension | 90 | 0.17 (0.16) | 0.18 (0.13) |
| 57 | Dickens & Meisinger, 2017 | Comprehension | 44 | 0.55 (0.23) | 0.44 (0.25) |
| 58 | Dickens & Meisinger, 2017 | Comprehension | 43 | 0.43 (0.22) | 0.39 (0.22) |
| 59 | Dickens & Meisinger, 2017 | Comprehension | 43 | 0.45 (0.22) | 0.32 (0.18) |
| 60 | Dickens & Meisinger, 2017 | Comprehension | 43 | 0.39 (0.23) | 0.29 (0.19) |
| 61 | Harris, Rogers, & Qualls, 1998 | Comprehension | 27 | 0.95 (0.09) | 0.93 (0.12) |
| 62 | Harris et al., 1998 | Comprehension | 27 | 0.97 (0.07) | 0.94 (0.09) |
| 63 | Harris et al., 1998 | Comprehension | 27 | 0.81 (0.17) | 0.93 (0.11) |
| 64 | Harris et al., 1998 | Comprehension | 27 | 0.76 (0.18) | 0.93 (0.17) |
| 65 | Harris et al., 1998 | Comprehension | 27 | 0.94 (0.08) | 0.94 (0.09) |
| 66 | Harris et al., 1998 | Comprehension | 27 | 0.96 (0.08) | 0.93 (0.11) |
| 67 | Harris et al., 1998 | Comprehension | 27 | 0.90 (0.16) | 0.96 (0.07) |
| 68 | Harris et al., 1998 | Comprehension | 27 | 0.80 (0.16) | 0.94 (0.14) |
| 69 | Harris et al., 1998 | Comprehension | 27 | 0.94 (0.09) | 0.91 (0.12) |
| 70 | Harris et al., 1998 | Comprehension | 27 | 0.98 (0.06) | 0.92 (0.09) |
| 71 | Harris et al., 1998 | Comprehension | 27 | 0.86 (0.16) | 0.96 (0.12) |
| 72 | Harris et al., 1998 | Comprehension | 27 | 0.74 (0.20) | 0.91 (0.11) |
| 73 | Harris et al., 1998 | Comprehension | 27 | 0.94 (0.10) | 0.95 (0.08) |
| 74 | Harris et al., 1998 | Comprehension | 27 | 0.98 (0.06) | 0.93 (0.14) |
| 75 | Harris et al., 1998 | Comprehension | 27 | 0.90 (0.13) | 0.93 (0.13) |
| 76 | Harris et al., 1998 | Comprehension | 27 | 0.77 (0.22) | 0.94 (0.10) |
| 77 | Lehto & Anttila, 2003 | Comprehension | 22 | 0.82 (0.11) | 0.78 (0.10) |
| 78 | Lehto & Anttila, 2003 | Comprehension | 15 | 0.79 (0.10) | 0.72 (0.10) |
| 79 | Lehto & Anttila, 2003 | Comprehension | 18 | 0.88 (0.09) | 0.79 (0.09) |
| 80 | Lehto & Anttila, 2003 | Comprehension | 13 | 0.86 (0.09) | 0.79 (0.09) |
| 81 | Lehto & Anttila, 2003 | Comprehension | 21 | 0.89 (0.12) | 0.83 (0.12) |
| 82 | Lehto & Anttila, 2003 | Comprehension | 18 | 0.88 (0.10) | 0.76 (0.12) |
| 83 | Mulholland & Neville, 1989 | Memory | 158 | 0.49 (0.21) | 0.36 (0.25) |
| 84 | Mulholland & Neville, 1989 | Memory | 228 | 0.39 (0.22) | 0.17 (0.25) |
| 85 | Mulholland & Neville, 1989 | Memory | 223 | 0.68 (0.16) | 0.63 (0.21) |
| 86 | Mulholland & Neville, 1989 | Memory | 213 | 0.61 (0.16) | 0.40 (0.19) |
| 87 | Mulholland & Neville, 1989 | Memory | 211 | 0.68 (0.17) | 0.66 (0.18) |
| 88 | Mulholland & Neville, 1989 | Memory | 227 | 0.68 (0.14) | 0.49 (0.21) |
| 89 | Mulholland & Neville, 1989 | Memory | 207 | 0.46 (0.20) | 0.38 (0.22) |
| 90 | Mulholland & Neville, 1989 | Memory | 197 | 0.39 (0.18) | 0.23 (0.13) |
| 91 | Mulholland & Neville, 1989 | Memory | 211 | 0.65 (0.18) | 0.62 (0.20) |
| 92 | Mulholland & Neville, 1989 | Memory | 205 | 0.61 (0.15) | 0.33 (0.15) |
| 93 | Mulholland & Neville, 1989 | Memory | 219 | 0.71 (0.17) | 0.67 (0.18) |
| 94 | Mulholland & Neville, 1989 | Memory | 209 | 0.63 (0.17) | 0.38 (0.16) |
| 95 | Padeliadu & Antoniou, 2014 | Comprehension | 114 | 0.20 (0.13) | 0.05 (0.07) |
| 96 | Padeliadu & Antoniou, 2014 | Comprehension | 113 | 0.35 (0.16) | 0.13 (0.10) |
| 97 | Padeliadu & Antoniou, 2014 | Comprehension | 134 | 0.65 (0.06) | 0.40 (0.09) |
| 98 | Padeliadu & Antoniou, 2014 | Comprehension | 108 | 0.66 (0.04) | 0.42 (0.07) |
| 99 | Padeliadu & Antoniou, 2014 | Comprehension | 108 | 0.68 (0.04) | 0.46 (0.07) |
| 100 | Valencia & Stallman, 1989 | Comprehension | 200a | 0.80 (0.19) | 0.64 (0.21) |
| 101 | Valencia & Stallman, 1989 | Comprehension | 200a | 0.79 (0.16) | 0.56 (0.30) |
| 102 | Valencia & Stallman, 1989 | Comprehension | 200a | 0.65 (0.19) | 0.59 (0.17) |
| 103 | Valencia & Stallman, 1989 | Comprehension | 200a | 0.71 (0.19) | 0.72 (0.22) |
| 104 | Pomplun & Omar, 2001 | Comprehension | 12562 | 0.84 (0.10) | 0.75 (0.11) |
| 105 | Pomplun & Omar, 2001 | Comprehension | 12102 | 0.79 (0.12) | 0.73 (0.12) |
| 106 | Dai & Wang, 2007 | Comprehension | 233 | 0.62 (0.21) | 0.53 (0.24) |
| 107 | Dai & Wang, 2007 | Comprehension | 233 | 0.62 (0.21) | 0.57 (0.27) |
| 108 | Primor, Pierce, & Katzir, 2011 | Comprehension | 190 | -2.18 (0.60)b | -2.48 (0.53)b |
| 109 | Wightman & Roney, 2013 | Comprehension | 10 | 0.66 (0.17) | 0.69 (0.12) |
| 110 | Wightman & Roney, 2013 | Comprehension | 11 | 0.68 (0.17) | 0.76 (0.17) |
| 111 | Wightman & Roney, 2013 | Comprehension | 10 | 0.76 (0.16) | 0.75 (0.16) |
| 112 | Wightman & Roney, 2013 | Comprehension | 13 | 0.79 (0.17) | 0.76 (0.17) |
| 113 | Margolin & Hover, 2011 | Comprehension | 62 | 0.71 (0.20) | 0.73 (0.21) |
| 114 | Margolin & Hover, 2011 | Comprehension | 62 | 0.66 (0.24) | 0.49 (0.27) |
| 115 | Margolin & Hover, 2011 | Comprehension | 62 | 0.74 (0.22) | 0.57 (0.23) |
| 116 | Margolin, Snyder, & Thamboo, 2018 | Comprehension | 60 | 0.67 (0.20) | 0.56 (0.18) |
| 117 | Margolin et al., 2018 | Comprehension | 60 | 0.78 (0.16) | 0.45 (0.23) |
| 118 | Margolin et al., 2018 | Comprehension | 60 | 0.75 (0.18) | 0.51 (0.22) |
| 119 | Margolin et al., 2018 | Comprehension | 60 | 0.65 (0.21) | 0.38 (0.26) |
| 120 | Simmons et al., 2014 | Comprehension | 432 | 0.81 (0.17) | 0.61 (0.22) |
| 121 | Simmons et al., 2014 | Comprehension | 489 | 0.80 (0.17) | 0.59 (0.23) |
| 122 | Hay & Moran, 2005 | Memory | 9 | 0.91 (0.10) | 0.74 (0.12) |
| 123 | Hay & Moran, 2005 | Memory | 9 | 1.27 (0.20)c | 0.88 (0.09) |
| 124 | Hay & Moran, 2005 | Memory | 9 | 0.56 (0.31) | 0.39 (0.17) |
| 125 | Hay & Moran, 2005 | Memory | 9 | 0.62 (0.20) | 0.54 (0.17) |
| 126 | Hay & Moran, 2005 | Memory | 9 | 0.69 (0.14) | 0.62 (0.23) |
| 127 | Hay & Moran, 2005 | Memory | 9 | 0.78 (0.16) | 0.64 (0.26) |
| 128 | Hay & Moran, 2005 | Comprehension | 9 | 0.78 (0.33) | 0.85 (0.29) |
| 129 | De Beni, Palladino, Borella, & Presti, 2003 | Comprehension | 129 | 0.64 (0.16) | 0.76 (0.18) |
| 130 | De Beni et al., 2003 | Comprehension | 121 | 0.55 (0.16) | 0.65 (0.22) |
| 131 | Luszcz, Luszcz, 1993b | Memory | 20 | 0.32 (0.07) | 0.26 (0.13) |
| 132 | Luszcz, 1993b | Memory | 20 | 0.34 (0.11) | 0.13 (0.07) |
| 133 | Schroeder, 2011 | Comprehension | 119 | 0.53 (0.22) | 0.51 (0.22) |
| 134 | Moè & De Beni, 2005 | Memory | 15 | 0.26 (0.10) | 0.34 (0.07) |
| 135 | Moè & De Beni, 2005 | Memory | 15 | 0.18 (0.09) | 0.19 (0.05) |
| 136 | Moè & De Beni, 2005 | Memory | 15 | 0.25 (0.09) | 0.29 (0.08) |
| 137 | Moè & De Beni, 2005 | Memory | 15 | 0.24 (0.06) | 0.21 (0.06) |
| 138 | Moè & De Beni, 2005 | Memory | 15 | 0.15 (0.04) | 0.19 (0.07) |
| 139 | Moè & De Beni, 2005 | Memory | 15 | 0.23 (0.09) | 0.31 (0.07) |
| 140 | Narvaez, Van Den Broek, & Ruiz, 1999 | Comprehension | 20 | 0.70 (0.24) | 0.72 (0.22) |
| 141 | Guan, Ye, Wagner, Meng, & Leong, 2014 | Comprehension | 246 | 0.40 (0.19) | 0.40 (0.16) |
| 142 | Guan et al., 2014 | Comprehension | 242 | 0.53 (0.21) | 0.53 (0.20) |
| 143 | Guan et al., 2014 | Comprehension | 261 | 0.59 (0.21) | 0.61 (0.19) |
| 144 | Cunningham & Gall, 1990 | Comprehension | 313 | 0.16 (0.12) | 0.15 (0.11) |
| 145 | Hinze, 2015 | Memory | 46 | 0.89 (0.09) | 0.95 (0.06) |
| 146 | Hinze, 2015 | Comprehension | 46 | 0.84 (0.11) | 0.89 (0.09) |
| 147 | Hinze, 2015 | Memory | 38 | 0.75 (0.16) | 0.78 (0.16) |
| 148 | Hinze, 2015 | Comprehension | 38 | 0.54 (0.18) | 0.62 (0.20) |
| 149 | Rudiger & Hinze, 2017 | Memory | 36 | 0.18 (0.21) | 0.20 (0.20) |
| 150 | Rudiger & Hinze, 2017 | Memory | 81 | 0.46 (0.23) | 0.53 (0.24) |
a The sample is described as “approximately 600” with one third in the control condition; we used 200 for our calculations
b Scores were transformed using a reflection and square-root procedure so that higher values indicate lower scores; we changed these to negative values (resulting in higher values indicating better scores)
c Participants produced more T-units in their recall than included in the original texts