Table 1.
Prevalence of T. gondii infection among 166 spotted hyenas from the Masai Mara, Kenya, and its relationship to demographic, social, and ecological variables.
| % (N) | OR (95% CI) infected vs. uninfected | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uninfected | Infected | Unadjusteda | Adjustedb | |
| n = 58 | n = 108 | |||
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 32% (31) | 68% (65) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Male | 39% (27) | 61% (43) | 0.76 (0.40, 1.45) | 0.70 (0.33, 1.47) |
| Age at diagnosisc | ||||
| Cub (<12 mos) | 65% (32) | 35% (17) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Subadults (12−24 mos) | 29% (10) | 71% (25) | 4.71 (1.88, 12.49)f | 5.05 (1.80, 15.17)f |
| Adult (>24 mos) | 20% (16) | 80% (66) | 7.76 (3.55, 17.80)f | 8.11 (3.59, 19.32)f |
| Dominance Rankd | ||||
| Standardized rank (−1: 1) | 42% (40) | 58% (56) | 1.02 (0.53, 1.96) | 0.95 (0.43, 2.07) |
| Livestock densitye | ||||
| High | 24% (8) | 76% (25) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Low | 38% (50) | 62% (83) | 0.53 (0.21, 1.22) | 0.56 (0.20, 1.46) |
aFrom a logistic regression model where the explanatory variable of interest is each socioecological characteristic, and the outcome is infection (yes vs. no).
bAdjusted models control for a hyena’s sex, age at diagnosis, and livestock density.
cAge was assessed on the date the hyena was diagnosed (i.e., the darting date).
dAdult female rank or a cub’s maternal rank the year during which the hyena was diagnosed. On the standardized rank scale, −1 corresponds with the lowest rank and 1 with the highest rank.
eBased on illegal livestock grazing in the park during the year in which a hyena was diagnosed. Here, we controlled for continuous age (mon) on the date of diagnosis because all cubs were from low livestock density areas.
fSignificant at P value < 0.05.