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. 2021 Jun 22;4:769. doi: 10.1038/s42003-021-02316-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Depiction of inheritance patterns from the parent (F0) generation to the child (F1), grandchild (F2), and great-grandchild (F3) in humans and animals. An exposure in F0 can directly affect the developing fetus (F1) and the germ cells in F2; therefore, both routes of transmission are considered intergenerational. Transgenerational effects may be observed beginning with the F3 generation.