Fig. 2. Low-dimensional vdW materials for nanophotonic sensing applications.

Polaritons in 2D vdW materials can offer novel sensing modalities. a Plasmons in graphene (Adapted with permission from ref. ²⁶). b Excitons in MoS₂. c Phonons in boron nitride. 1D vdW materials (SWNT) have been used for (d), exciton-based single-molecule detection (adapted with permission from ref. ²⁷) and (e) in vivo biosensing (adapted with permission from ref. ²⁸). vdW materials can also be utilized to construct. f Single-molecule nanopore sensor. g High-gradient-field dielectrophoretic nanotweezers. h On-chip photodetector, and (i) high-affinity surfaces for specific analytes (adapted with permission from ref. ³¹).