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. 2021 Jun 22;12:3824. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-23564-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a Reflection-mode in situ SEIRA detection of multiple biological analytes. b Time-resolved and molecule-specific in situ SEIRA monitoring of the lipid membrane formation and disruption dynamics. Lipid vesicles rupture on SiO₂-coated gold antennas and form a supported lipid bilayer membrane. Subsequent injection of cytolytic peptide, melittin, forms pores and disrupts the membrane. a, b Adapted from ref. ⁴⁷ with permission. c Calculated electric field enhancement for a gold nanotenna in a buffer. Distance dependence of SEIRA signal comparing computer simulations (dotted) and measured absorbance data (full dots). Reprinted from ref. ⁴⁸ with permission. d Graphene liquid cell for detection of biomolecules trapped in a thin layer of water. Reprinted from ref. ⁵⁰ with permission.