Fig. 4. Graphene-based SEIRA strategies.

a–e Graphene-based mid-IR plasmonic biosensing. Adapted from ref. ²⁶ with permission. f Tightly confined graphene acoustic plasmons for sensing a thin layer of protein molecules. Reprinted from ref. ⁵⁴ with permission. g Near-field of graphene acoustic plasmons propagating along with an array of gold ribbons (bright regions). Adapted from ref. ⁶⁶ with permission. h Tightly confined graphene acoustic plasmons can detect a thin layer of protein molecules with high sensitivity. Reprinted from ref. ⁵⁴ with permission.