TABLE 2.
List of (potential and confirmed) biomarkers in neurodegenerative diseases from Oxy-Cys proteomics studies.
| Neurodegenerative diseases | Human specimens. Sample sizes | Method used | PTMs | Biomarkers | Cys sites | References |
| Multiple sclerosis | CSF | Modified proteomics approach (No reduction and alkylation applied) and a targeted database search | Extracellular Superoxide dismutase (ECSOD) α1-antitrypsin (A1AT) Phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) Alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein Ectonucleotide pyrophosphate (ENPP-2) Gelsolin Interleukin-18 (IL-18) Ig heavy chain V III region POM | 195 232 318 340 773 304 38 22 | Srivastava et al., 2019 | |
| 7 MS patients (2 males + 5 females), ages 35.6 ± 10.5 | ||||||
| 5 idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) patients used as control group (1 male + 4 females), age 26.2 ± 7.6 | ||||||
| AD | CSF | Online immunoaffinity chromatography -mass spectrometry of intact protein | Transthyretin (TTR) isoforms (TTR-Cys10-Cys (cysteinylated), TTR-Cys10-CysGly (cysteine-glycinylated), and TTR-Cys10-SG (glutathionylated)/) | 10 | Poulsen et al., 2014 | |
| AD 37 patients | ||||||
| Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) 17 | ||||||
| Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) | ||||||
| Healthy control (HC) 7 | ||||||
| AD and PD | Human brain tissues | 2D gel, immunostaining and MS | S-sulfonylation | Targets: sulfonic acid UCH-L1 | 220 | Choi et al., 2004 |
| AD | Inferior parietal lobule from patients | 2D-Oxyblots and MS | S-glutathionylation | Deoxyhemoglobin, α-crystallin B, α-enolase Glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) | Newman et al., 2007 | |
| AD | Hippocampus, substantia nigra and cortex, AD patients (n = 9) control (n = 5) | 2D-Oxyblot and MS | S-NO | Voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2 (VDAC2). Superoxide dismutase [Mn] (SOD2). Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase C (ALDOC). | Zahid et al., 2014 | |
| AD | Human Hippocampus | 2D-Oxyblots and MS | S-OH, S-O2H, S-O3H Sulfenic acid, sulfinic acid, and sulfonic acid | Pin1 | 113 | Chen et al., 2015 |
| Human Prion Diseases | Human cortex and cerebellum | BST, avidin enrichment, iTRAQ, gel-free | S-NO | 1509 S-nitrosylated proteins (SNO-proteins) were identified | Chen et al., 2016 | |
| AD | Human cortical brain Tissues n = 30 healthy control, n = 30 MCI and n = 30 AD | Immunoblots, IodoTMT | S-NO | Myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) Glutathione s-transferase Mu 3 (GSTM3) Four and a half LIM domains protein 1 (FHL1) | 53, 127 3 65 | Wijasa et al., 2020 |