Table 1.

Frequencies of k13 validated mutations across Africa from 2012 to date.

Year	Study country	Reference	Assay	N	PfK13 mutations frequency % [n]
					F446I	M476Ia	Y493Ha	R539Ta	I543Ta	P553L	R561Ha	P574L	C580Ya	A675V
2019	Angola	Dimbu et al., 2021	Sanger	103
2014	Benin	Ogouyèmi-Hounto et al., 2016	Sanger	78
2012–2016	Botswana	Tawe et al., 2018	Sanger	127
2014–2017	Cameroon	Moukoko et al. 2019	Sanger	175
2017–2019	Central African Republic	Nzoumbou-Boko et al., 2020	Sanger	187
2015–2016	Congo	Mayengue et al., 2018	Sanger	127
2017	Democratic Republic of Congo	Yobi et al., 2020	Sanger	717
2013–2014	Equatorial Guinea	Li et al., 2016	Sanger	98
2014–2017	Eritrea	Pacheco et al., 2019	Amp-Seq	117
2014	Ethiopia	Lo et al., 2017	Sanger	226
2017–2018	Gabon	Adegbite et al., 2019	Sanger	100
2012–2014	Gambia	Amambua-Ngwa et al., 2017	Taq-man/Sanger	184
2014–2017	Ghana	Mensah et al. 2020	MIPs	619						0.2 [1]
2007–2016	Ghana	Matrevi et al. (2019)	Sanger	854		0.1 [1]				0.1 [1]			0.1 [1]
2017–2018	Ghana	Aninagyei et al. (2020)	WGS	84									3.6 [3]
2016	Guinea	Beavogui et al., 2020	ND	411
2016	Guinea-Bissau	Nag et al., 2019	Amp-seq	97
2014–2019	Kenya	Omedo et al.,. Unpublished data	Amp-Seq	284
2014–2017	Liberia	Pacheco et al., 2019	Amp-Seq	21
2015–2016	Mali	Kone et al., 2020	WGS	216
2015–2017	Mozambique	Gupta et al., 2020	Sanger	206
2013	Niger	Laminou et al. 2017	Sanger	366
2014–2017	Nigeria	Pacheco et al., 2019	Amp-Seq	29										3.4 [1]
2013–2015	Rwanda	Uwimana et al. (2020)	Sanger	466							4.1 [19]	0.2 [1]
2014–2015	Rwanda	Tacoli et al. 2016	Sanger	147							0.7 [1]	0.7 [1]		0.7 [1]
2015–2019	Senegal	Delandre et al. 2020	Sanger	327
2016–2017	Somalia	Warsame et al. 2019	Sanger	138
2018	South Africa	Raman et al. 2019	Sanger	532
2015–2017	Sudan	Hussien et al., 2020	Amp-Seq	176
2019	Tanzania	Bwire et al. (2020)	Amp-Seq	422							0.2 [1]
2017	Tanzania	Moser et al. (2020)	MIPs	764							0.3 [2]
2012–2013	Togo	Dorkenoo et al. 2016	Sanger	500
2012–2016	Uganda	Conrad et al. 2019	Sanger	716								0.1 [1]		0.1 [1]
2016–2017	Uganda	Asua et al. 2020	ND	412										1.7 [7]
2014–2016	Uganda	Ikeda et al., 2020	ND	194										0.5 [1]
2018–2019	Uganda	Asua et al. (2020)	MIPs	796							0.1 [1]			5.5 [44]
2017	Zambia	Sitali et al. 2020	Sanger	70

^aRepresents validated SE Asian artemisinin resistance mutations. N is the number of samples that were successfully genotyped per study. n is the number of samples harbouring the respective mutation. ND = could not be determined. Assay represents the genotyping assay used in the respective study i.e. Sanger - Sanger sequencing, MIP - molecular inversion probes, WGS - whole-genome sequencing, Amp-Seq - amplicon sequencing. DR Congo stands for the Democratic Republic of Congo.