Table 2.
EVs and therapeutic applications in T1D or in T1D complications.
| Cells of Origin | EVs cargo | Target organ | Therapeutic function | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human urine-derived stem cells | Growth factor, transforming growth factor-β1, angiogenin and bone morphogenetic protein-7 | Kidney | Reduction of the urine volume and urinary microalbumin excretion; prevention of podocyte and tubular epithelial cell apoptosis in diabetic rats. | 160 |
| Bone-marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) | miR-145 | Brain | Improved functional outcome and promoted neurorestorative effects | 161 |
| Human umbilical cord blood-derived EPCs | N/A | Skin | Enhancement of Angiogenesis Through Erk1/2 Signaling | 162 |
| Human umbilical cord blood-derived EPCs | N/A | Skin | Enhancement of the proliferation, migration and tube formation of vascular endothelial cells | 163 |
| Bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells | N/A | Brain | Improvement of cognitive impairments by repairing damage neurons and astrocytes | 164 |
| HSP20 overexpressing cardiomyocytes | HSP-20 | Heart | Improvement of cardiac function and angiogenesis | 165 |
| Mesenchymal stem cells | let-7c | Kidney | Attenuation of renal fibrosis | 166 |
| Human circulate fibrocyte | HSP90-Alpha; miR-126; miR-130a; miR-132; miR-124a; miR-125b: miR-21 | Skin | Activation of diabetic dermal fibroblast; induction of migration and proliferation of diabetic keratinocyte; accelerate wound closure | 167 |
| Mouse serum | miR-106b-5p and miR-222-3p | Endocrine pancreas | Improvement of hyperglycaemia via pancreatic beta cell proliferation | 168 |
| Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells | N/A | Endocrine pancreas | Inhibition of immune rejection | 169 |
| Endothelial progenitor cells | miR-126 and miR-196 | Endocrine pancreas | Enhancement of neo-angiogenesis of human pancreatic islets | 170 |
| Adipose tissue‐derived mesenchymal stem cells | N/A | Spleen | Increase of regulatory T‐cell population and their products without a change in the proliferation index of lymphocyte | 171 |
Table reporting the potential therapeutic applications of EVs. In particular, we included: (i) Origin cells or biofluid from which vesicles are isolated; (ii) the main cargo of these vesicles; (iii) organ targeted by the specific EVs population; (iv) potential therapeutic function and/or mechanisms acted by released EVs.