Table 2.
Change of subdomains of intrinsic capacity and functional ability among older adults over time.
| Dimension | 2014 | 2015 | 2017 | Test for difference between means from 2014 to 2017 |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (S.D.) | Mean (S.D.) | Mean (S.D.) | F | p | ||
| Intrinsic capacities | ||||||
| Cognition | Executive | 2.72 (1.33) | 2.91 (1.39) | 2.8 (1.28) | 10.73 | <0.001 |
| Attention | 4.46 (1.57) | 4.56 (1.53) | 4.52 (1.52) | 2.57 | 0.08 | |
| Memory | 2.16 (1.94) | 2.31 (1.86) | 2.52 (1.89) | 17.61 | <0.001 | |
| Orientation | 5.47 (0.95) | 5.37 (1.05) | 5.22 (1.29) | 28.17 | <0.001 | |
| Abstraction | 1.06 (0.87) | 1.07 (0.85) | 0.89 (0.85) | 26.03 | <0.001 | |
| Language | 3.52 (1.59) | 3.68 (1.62) | 3.57 (1.62) | 5.98 | <0.001 | |
| Affect | Depression | 2.7 (3.17) | 2.45 (3.12) | 1.88 (2.90) | 32.87 | <0.001 |
| Vitality | Frailty | 0.80 (1.04) | 0.86 (1.06) | 0.94 (1.11) | 7.83 | <0.001 |
| Sensory | Vision impairment | 1.34 (0.50) | 1.26 (0.48) | 1.26 (0.50) | 12.88 | 0.25 |
| Hearing impairment | 1.25 (0.48) | 1.24 (0.47) | 1.26 (0.53) | 1.39 | 0.25 | |
| Locomotor | Steadiness | 1.56 (0.63) | 1.61 (0.60) | 1.54 (0.66) | 5.32 | 0.01 |
| Hand grip strength | 37.12 (16.14) | 39.07 (14.96) | 39.64 (15.13) | 30.84 | <0.001 | |
| Functional ability | ||||||
| IADL | 15.60 (3.40) | 15.51 (3.63) | 15.15 (4.11) | 14.43 | <0.001 | |
Notes: SD = standard deviation. IADL = Instrumental activities of daily living, with higher scores indicating better functional ability. Repeated measures ANOVA for the tests for the difference between means from 2014 to 2017. Six domains of cognition were measured by a Cantonese Chinese Montreal Cognitive Assessment Version, with higher scores indicating better cognition function; Depression was measured by 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale, with scores ranging from 0 to 15, with higher scores indicating more depressive symptom. The steadiness when walking was measured by a single-item self-report question that whether participants feel unsteady or at risk of losing their balance when walking and turning (range = 0–2), with higher scores indicating less unsteadiness. The frailty was measured by FRAIL scale (range = 0–5), with higher scores indicating more frailty. Vision and hearing were measured by two single-item questions about participants’ vision and hearing (range = 1–3), with higher scores indicating more impairment. The higher scores for handgrip strength indicates better conditions.