Table 3.
Univariate findings after matching for covariates (PISA 2015; N = 1256)
| Construct | WS (N = 149) | non WS (N = 146)a | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | d | |
| Covariates for propensity score matching | |||||
| Gender (1 = female/0 = male) | 0.55 (0.04) | 0.50 | 0.54 (0.04) | 0.50 | 0.02 |
| Immigration background (1 = yes/0 = no) | 0.17 (0.03) | 0.38 | 0.18 (0.04) | 0.39 | − 0.03 |
| Index of parental education in years of schooling | 15.73 (0.20) | 2.39 | 15.81 (0.19) | 1.80 | − 0.03 |
| Index of parental occupational status | 67.51 (1.42) | 17.13 | 67.17 (1.69) | 18.24 | 0.02 |
| Index of cultural possessions at home | 1.06 (0.09) | 1.06 | 0.98 (0.12) | 1.11 | 0.08 |
| Analysis variables for mediation modeling | |||||
| Inquiry-based science instruction | 0.68 (0.09) | 0.95 | − 0.22 (0.12) | 1.10 | 0.82 |
| Enjoyment of science | 0.26 (0.09) | 1.10 | − 0.04 (0.15) | 1.22 | 0.24 |
| Interest in broad science topics | 0.53 (0.09) | 0.72 | 0.23 (0.09) | 0.99 | 0.30 |
| Science achievement | 503.30 (6.57) | 75.98 | 534.89 (10.12) | 92.96 | -0.32 |
Results are based on imputed manifest scores weighted by PISA total student weight. Standard errors are in parentheses. Cohen's d is computed relative with the SD of the weighted total Austrian PISA 2015 sample before matching. Scores for science achievement are based on Plausible Values; scores for all other analysis variables are based on Warm's Mean Weighted Likelihood Estimates (WLE)
WS Waldorf students
a146 students per data set and 1107 different students across all 10 data sets