TABLE 3.

Human clinical trials of HGF-based therapy in neurological diseases.

Disease application	Method	Phase	Clinical Trial	Year	Outcomes	References
SCI	Intrathecal injection of KP-100IT	I/II	NCT02193334	2020	No harmful adverse effects during observational period; motor functional recovery (motor score improvement)	Nagoshi et al., 2020
Diabetic neuropathy	Intramuscular injection of VM-202 plasmid	II	NCT01475786	2015	No serious adverse effects; symptomatic relief with improvement in quality of life for 3 months	Kessler et al., 2015
AD	Subcutaneous injection of NDX-1017 (or ATH-1017)	I	NCT03298672	2017	No serious adverse effects; dose-dependent and consistent amelioration in brain network activity across all treated cohorts	-
ALS	Intramuscular injection of VM-202 plasmid on various muscular groups	I/II	NCT02039401	2017	No serious adverse effects; larger study needed to assess the efficacy	Sufit et al., 2017
	Intrathecal injection of 5-residue-deleted HGF through an implantable catheter connected to a subcutaneous por	I	UMIN000007062	2019	No serious adverse effects	Warita et al., 2019

AD, Alzheimer’s disease; ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; SCI, spinal cord injury.