Table 1.
Baseline characteristics.
| Cross sectional study | Diagnostic accuracy study | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slide negative participants | Asymptomatic Malaria | Patients with clinical malaria | Patients with Bacteremia* | Combined malaria and bacteremia** | |||
| n=236 | n=125 | p-value | n=114 | n=22 | n=9 | p-value | |
| Male sex (%) | 116 (49.4%) | 63 (50.0%) | 69 (60.5%) | 11 (50.0%) | 4 (44.4%) | ||
| Age (months) | 25.0 (21.9–41.1) | 26.4 (23.3–39.6) | .3 | 23.4 (13.7-36.5) | 16.2 (11.7-26.7) | 25.3 (23.6-36.9) | .09 |
| Weight (kg) | 11.2 (10.0–12.6) | 11.4 (10.0–12.9) | .3 | 9.4 (8.1-11.3) | 8.2 (7.0-10.2) | 10.6 (9.2-11.2) | .09 |
| Height (cm) | 83 (78–90.5) | 83 (78–92) | .9 | 81 (74-90) | 77 (70-85) | 82 (80-91) | .3 |
| Height for age (Z-score) | -1.9 (-2.7/-1.2) | -2.1 (-3.2/-1.2) | .9 | -1.3 (-2.3/-0.4) | -1.4 (-1.9/0.4) | -1.8 (-2.4/-1.3) | .4 |
| MUAC (cm) | 15.2 (1.2) | 15.3 (1.1) | .2 | NA | NA | NA | |
| Axillary temperature (°C) | 36.5 (36.1-37.1) | 36.5 (36.1-36.9) | .8 | 38.7 (38.0-39.8) | 38.5 (38.0-39.4) | 39.0 (38.8-39.8) | .4 |
| Days of fever | NA | NA | 2.4 (1.0) | 2.8 (1.4) | 1.9 (0.6) | .09 | |
| Pulse (/min) | NA | NA | 125 (118-136) | 130 (109-141) | 114 (100-146) | .8 | |
| Systolic pressure (mm/Hg) | NA | NA | 97 (87-105) | 95 (86-101) | 98 (96-118) | .2 | |
| Diastolic pressure (mm/Hg) | NA | NA | 61 (53-65) | 61 (51-63) | 62 (56-62) | .9 | |
| Breathing frequency (/min) | NA | NA | 34 (32-41) | 38 (32-42) | 35 (33-36) | .3 | |
| Impaired consciousness | NA | NA | 17 (14.4%) | 1 (4.6%) | 1 (11.1%) | .4 | |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 10.3 (1.4) | 9.5 (1.7) | <.0001 | 7.2 (2.5) | 7.2 (2.3) | 6.3 (1.9) | .5 |
| Reticulocytes | 7.6 (5.5) | 10.8 (7.2) | <.0001 | 11.2 (8.0) | 5.4 (4.1) | 7.9 (3.6) | .0009 |
| Platelets (103/µl) | 382 (159) | 263 (144) | <.0001 | 173 (108) | 256 (199) | 153 (97) | .1 |
| Leukocyte count (103/µl) | 9.9 (3.2) | 10.2 (3.1) | .07 | 11.6 (9.1-18.2) | 11.9 (10.4-15.2) | 9.3 (5.8-20.2) | .6 |
| Monocyte count (103/µl) | 0.9 (0.4) | 1.1 (0.5) | <.0001 | 1.1 (0.6-1.9) | 0.9 (0.7-1.4) | 0.7 (0.5-2.1) | .6 |
| Neutrophil count (103/µl) | 3.0 (1.65) | 2.8 (1.9) | .07 | 6.0 (4.2-7.9) | 5.5 (3.5-8.4) | 6.1 (2.2-9.0) | .8 |
| Lymphocyte count (103/µl) | 5.4 (2.0) | 4.9 (2.2) | .2 | 4.5 (2.6-6.9) | 5.3 (3.6-6.9) | 3.9 (1.7-9.0) | .6 |
MUAC, Mid-upper arm circumference | * Salmonella (n=13), Escherichia coli (n=2), Haemophilus influenzae (n=2), Streptococci (n=4), Neisseria meningitidis (n=1) | ** Salmonella spp (n=6), Acinetobacter baumannii (n=1), Streptococcus pneumoniae (n=1), Neisseria meningitidis (n=1) | *** Calculated using chi2 |.
Data is presented as mean (SD) in case of normally distributed data and median (25-75 IQR) in case of not normally distributed data. Significance value calculated using chi-2 for binary values, Mann-Whitney U-test in case of not normally distributed and student’s t-test in case of normally distributed values. A Kruskal-Wallis test was done for continuous dependent variables in the diagnostic accuracy study. Parameters with a p-value of 0.1 or less were considered potential confounders.
The bold values refer to statistically significant differences.