Table 1.
Level of pesticides in the water and sediment of the considered South Asian river systems.
| Pesticides | South Asian countries∗ |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| India |
Pakistan |
India |
Pakistan |
||||||
| Concentrations (μg L−1) of pesticides in the river/lake water |
Concentrations (ng g−1) of pesticides in the river sediment |
||||||||
| Brahmaputra River | Chilika Lake | Tapi River | Hooghly River | Kabul River | Indus River | Tapi River | Hooghly River | Indus River | |
| α-HCH | 0.001 ± 0.002 | 0.025–0.265 | - | 0.003 ± 0.005 | - | 0.018 ± 0.008 | - | 0.06 | 1.01 ± 0.10 |
| β-HCH | 0.0004 ± 0.002 | - | - | 0.003 ± 0.006 | - | 0.022 ± 0.007 | - | 0.01 | 0.89 ± 0.27 |
| γ-HCH | 0.006 ± 0.007 | 0.03–6.08 | - | 0.013 ± 0.008 | - | 0.0019 ± 0.0003 | - | 0.07 | 0.49 ± 0.18 |
| δ-HCH | 0.001 ± 0.003 | 0.05–0.26 | - | 0.019 ± 0.033 | - | 0.003 ± 0.001 | - | 0.06 | 0.89 ± 0.08 |
| Ɛ-HCH | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.02 | - |
| ∑HCHs | 0.008 ± 0.008 | - | - | 0.003 ± 0.028 | - | 0.045 ± 0.010 | - | - | - |
| o,p'-DDD | - | 8.99–23.4 | - | - | - | 0.008 ± 0.005 | - | 0.09 | 1.10 ± 0.47 |
| p,p'-DDD | 0.014 ± 0.033 | - | - | - | - | 0.009 ± 0.006 | - | 0.08 | 1.44 ± 0.53 |
| o,p'-DDE | - | 0.116 | - | - | - | 0.013 ± 0.010 | - | 0.29 | 2.10 ± 0.56 |
| p,p'-DDE | - | 0.017–0.062 | - | - | - | 0.017 ± 0.013 | - | 1.60 | 1.96 ± 0.97 |
| o,p'-DDT | 0.015 ± 0.034 | - | - | 0.003 ± 0.008 | - | 0.011 ± 0.009 | - | 0.39 | 1.52 ± 0.74 |
| p,p'-DDT | 0.001 ± 0.002 | - | - | 0.0003 ± 0.001 | - | 0.016 ± 0.012 | - | 0.17 | 1.54 ± 0.86 |
| ∑DDTs | 0.030 ± 0.066 | - | 0.11 ± 0.58 | 0.004 ± 0.008 | - | 0.074 ± 0.004 | 0.17 ± 0.58 | 2.62 | - |
| HCB | - | - | - | - | - | 0.002 ± 0.001 | - | 0.19 | 0.05 ± 0.04 |
| Cis-Chlordane | - | - | - | - | - | 0.001 ± 0.000 | - | - | 0.03 ± 0.02 |
| Trans-Chlordane | - | - | - | - | - | 0.007 ± 0.004 | - | - | 1.09 ± 0.31 |
| Heptachlor | 0.001 ± 0.003 | 0.04–1.0 | - | 0.014 ± 0.006 | - | 0.014 ± 0.009 | - | - | 0.83 ± 0.54 |
| Aldrin | 0.0003 ± 0.001 | - | - | 0.004 ± 0.004 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Dieldrin | 0.004 ± 0.006 | - | - | 0.0004 ± 0.002 | - | - | - | - | - |
| ∑Aldrin | 0.004 ± 0.006 | - | - | 0.004 ± 0.004 | - | - | - | - | - |
| α-Endosulfan | 0.001 ± 0.002 | - | 3.23 ± 7.08 | - | - | - | 2.01 ± 2.70 | - | - |
| β-Endosulfan | 0.003 ± 0.011 | - | 4.51 ± 8.16 | 0.002 ± 0.004 | - | 0.0007 ± 0.0005 | 3.05 ± 5.04 | - | 0.03 ± 0.01 |
| ∑Endosulfan | 0.003 ± 0.013 | - | - | 0.002 ± 0.004 | - | - | - | - | |
| ∑OCPs | 0.047 ± 0.067 | - | - | 0.062 ± 0.035 | - | 0.143 ± 0.052 | - | - | 14.83 ± 2.95 |
| Chlorpyrifos | - | 0.019–2.730 | 0.09 ± 0.18 | - | 0.009 ± 0.003 | 0.007 ± 0.000 | 0.01 ± 0.03 | - | - |
| Dichlorvos | - | 0.647 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Methyl parathion | - | - | 0.09 ± 0.16 | - | - | - | 0.18 ± 0.27 | - | - |
| Methomyl | - | - | - | - | 5.50 ± 3.90 | 0.20 ± 0.03 | - | - | - |
| Carbaryl | - | - | - | - | 0.001 ± 0.000 | 0.001 ± 0.001 | - | - | - |
| Carbofuran | - | - | - | - | 0.003 ± 0.003 | 0.005 ± 0.001 | - | - | - |
| Triclosan | - | - | - | - | 0.002 ± 0.001 | 0.002 ± 0.001 | - | - | - |
| Caffeine |
- |
- |
- |
- |
30.2 ± 28.3 |
8.0 ± 0.2 |
- |
- |
- |
| References | [25] | [28] | [29] | [25] | [8] | [8, 26] | [29] | [27] | [26] |
∗
No reportable works were found for the pesticides level in the river system of other South Asian countries such as Nepal, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Bhutan, Maldives, and Sri Lanka during the considered time periods. N.B.: The values written after ‘±’ symbol is the standard deviation. ‘-’ means results are not reported or not detectable.