TABLE 1.

Mechanisms of exosomes from different cell sources against cardiomyocyte apoptosis.

Derivation of exosome	Stimulus	Molecular mediator(s)	Mechanisms	Biological effects	References
BMMSCs	−	miR-486-5p	miR-486-5p/PTEN/PI3K/AKT	Apoptosis↓	Sun et al., 2019
BMMSCs	Hypoxia	miR-214	miR-214/CaMk2	Apoptosis↓, oxidative stress↓	Wang Y. et al., 2018
BMMSCs	Hypoxia	miR-125b-5p	miR-125b-5p/p53andBAK1	Apoptosis↓	Zhu et al., 2018
BMMSCs	Hypoxia	miR-210and miR-24	Not investigated	Apoptosis↓	Zhu et al., 2018
BMMSCs	Transduction with GATA-4	miR-19a	miR-19a/PTEN/AKT miR-19a/BIM	Apoptosis↓	Yu et al., 2015
BMMSCs	Transduction with SDF1	SDF1	SDF1/PI3K/mTOM	Apoptosis↓, microvascular regeneration	Gong et al., 2019
BMMSCs	Transduction with miR-125b	miR-125b	miR-125b/SIRT7	Apoptosis↓, inflammatory factor↓	Chen et al., 2020
ADMSCs	−	Not investigated	S1P/SK1/S1PR1	Apoptosis↓, fibrosis↓, M2 macrophages polarization	Deng et al., 2019
ADMSCs	−	miR-214	miR-214/Bcl2L11 miR-214/SLC8a1	Apoptosis↓	Eguchi et al., 2019
ADMSCs	Transduction with miR-146a	miR-146a	miR-146a/EGR1/TLR4/NFκB	Apoptosis↓	Pan et al., 2019
hucMSCs	−	miR-19a	miR-19a/SOX6/AKT/JNK3/Caspase3	Apoptosis↓	Huang et al., 2020
hucMSCs	Transduction with TIMP2	Not investigated	AKT/sfrp2	Apoptosis↓, oxidative stress↓angiogenesis?	Ni et al., 2019
IPSCs	−	miR-21 miR-210	Not investigated	Apoptosis↓	Adamiak et al., 2018