Advancing age |
Low-level inflammation |
C-reactive protein |
Smoking cigarettes |
Homocysteine |
Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio |
Elevated blood pressure (in particular systolic) |
Fibrinogen, impaired fibrinolysis |
Ventricular hypertrophy by electrocardiogram |
Elevated total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol |
Increased platelet reactivity |
Cardiac troponin T |
Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol |
Hypercoagulability |
N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide |
Overweight/obesity (in particular abdominal obesity) |
Natriuretic peptides |
Body composition and muscle mass measures |
Diabetes mellitus or glucose intolerance |
Lipoprotein |
Glycated hemoglobin |
Sedentary lifestyles |
Small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol |
Serum albumin (pre-albumin), serum transferin |
Postmenopause (in women) |
Albuminuria |
Vitamin D |
|
Chronic latent infection (helicobacter pylori, citomegalo virus) |
Thyroid gland hormones |
|
The level of comorbidy and the comorbidity patterns |
Haemoglobin |
|
Rheumatoid arthritis (other autoimmune diseases) |
Blood lipids |
|
Chronic kidney disease |
Urin albumin/creatinine ratio |
|
Depression, psychiatric diseases |
Cystatine C |
|
Some drugs, polypharmacy |
Estimated glomerular filtration rate |
|
|
Carotid intima-media thickness |
|
|
Ankle-brachial index |
|
|
Functional assessments |