Fig. 1.

(A) Experimental design; (B) AntiOxCIN₄ cytotoxicity measured by resazurin assay; (C) Effects of AntiOxCIN₄ on mitochondrial polarization of human skin fibroblasts from sPD patients (PD) and their sex- and age-matched controls. The quantification of TMRM fluorescence was obtained by ImageJ 1.45S program. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM of TMRM intensity fluorescence divided by area (D). Typical image of fibroblasts from sPD patients labeled with mitochondrial Δψ–dependent fluorescent probe TMRM (E). Mitochondrial network elongation (F), interconnectivity (G), and swelling (H) of these TMRM fluorescent cells were measured using an ImageJ macro (n = 45 cells per condition). Western blotting was used to detect phosphorylation of dynamin-related protein 1 at serine 637 (p-DRP1 ser637) and mitochondrial fission 1 (FIS1) (I and J) protein contents in total fractions from human skin fibroblasts cell lines. Actin was used as a loading control. Blots are representative of different cell preparations with a random distribution between C and PD. Each measurement corresponds to one different individual (5 fibroblasts from sPD patients and 5 fibroblasts from respective sex- and age-matched healthy controls). Data was normalized by the control condition (C = 100% or C = 1.0 fold-change). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM of 5 different experiments. Statistical significance was accepted with (*) p < 0.05 to C vs PD or C + AntiOxCIN₄ vs PD + AntiOxCIN₄, (**) p < 0.01 to C vs PD or C + AntiOxCIN₄ vs PD + AntiOxCIN₄, (^#) p < 0.05 to C vs C + AntiOxCIN₄ or PD vs PD + AntiOxCIN₄, (^##) p < 0.01 to C vs C + AntiOxCIN₄ or PD vs PD + AntiOxCIN₄.