Figure 1. Compound TMJ-12 inhibits the proliferation of BPH-1 cells.

(A) Chemical structure of compound TMJ-12 extracted from C. cernuum. (B) BPH-1 cells were treated with various concentrations of TMJ-12 for 12, 48, or 72 h, and the effect on cell viability was determined with the MTT assay. (C) The IC₅₀ value (μM) of TMJ-12 toward the BPH-1 cells was determined. (D,E) The number of colonies formed was counted and analyzed using Crystal Violet staining. Data represent the mean ± SD, n=3. **P<0.01 vs. the control group. Abbreviation: MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide.