A, Metabolites associated with GC. Metabolites are significantly positively (false discovery rate [FDR], q <0.05 and odds ratio [OR], >1) or inversely (FDR, q <0.05 and OR, <1) associated with GC in the discovery set by logistic regression adjusting for age, sex, and Helicobacter pylori infection; orange color displaying metabolites successfully validated for GC. B, Six validated metabolites associated with GC. C, Six validated metabolites associated with early GC (high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia). Odds ratios (95% CIs) for the values in panels B and C were calculated by logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, and H pylori infection, combining the discovery and validation stages.